General Provisions Essay

An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do. JURIDICAL NECESSITY – juridical tie; connotes that in case of noncompliance, there will be legal sanctions. – An obligation is nothing more than the duty of a person (obligor) to satisfy a specific demandable claim of another person (obligee) which, if breached, is enforceable in court. – A contract necessarily gives rise to an obligation but an obligation does not always need to have a contract. KINDS OF OBLIGATION A. From the viewpoint of â€Å"sanction† – 1. CIVIL OBLIGATION – that defined in Article 1156; an obligation, if not fulfilled when it becomes due and demandable, may be enforced in court through action; based on law; the sanction is judicial due process 2. NATURAL OBLIGATION – defined in Article 1423; a special kind of obligation which cannot be enforced in court but which authorizes the retention of the voluntary payment or performance made by the debtor; based on equity and natural law. (i.e. when there is prescription of duty to pay, still, the obligor paid his dues to the obligee – the obligor cannot recover his payment even there is prescription) the sanction is the law, but only conscience had originally motivated the payment. 3. MORAL OBLIGATION – the sanction is conscience or morality, or the law of the church. (Note: If a Catholic promises to hear mass for 10 consecutive Sundays in order to receive P1,000, this obligation becomes a civil one.) B. From the viewpoint of subject matter -1. REAL OBLIGATION – the obligation to give 2. PERSONAL OBLIGATION – the obligation to do or not to do (e.g. the duty to paint a house, or to refrain from committing a nuisance)

Letter from George Essay

I’m sorry I haven’t written to you in a long time but a lot of things have happened since I last wrote, unfortunately its bad news this time. It all started when Slim and Curley came in the bunkhouse arguing one night. Then Curley turned to Lennie and says â€Å"what you laughing at†, and then he started lashing out at Lennie and smashed him in the nose. I couldn’t stand it anymore Lennie wouldn’t fight back so I told him to â€Å"let him have it†. Lennie caught Curley’s punch, then he crushed it and he wouldn’t let go. When he let his fist go it was flattened, not a bone was left unbroken in his hand. I was sure Lennie and I were going to get canned but Slim saved our skins. He told Curley that if he told anyone what happened and get us canned, we will tell everyone then he would get the laugh. That was good of Slim. I was all right at this point, I was happy, I thought if Lennie play and I our cards right and keep clean for a month we will get our fifty bucks each and get that ranch with old Candy. I started to believe our dream could really happen. All the lads and me were playing horses shoes late Sunday evening. I heard shuffling footsteps from the barn, I looked and saw Candy making his way towards me. His body language said every thing, when he looked at me I felt that something was wrong. He came to me said quietly â€Å"you better come to the barn†. When I saw Curley’s wife lying there dead the painful thought going though my mind that I had no other solution to this problem but assume that it was Lennie and knew that was what Candy was thinking. At this point the dream was over for sure of a little ranch. I knew this was the end of the road for Lennie. I knew Curley would want lynch him so Candy and I discussed what we were going to do. I went to the bunkhouse and got Carlson’s gun, while Candy went to get the boys. My memory flicked back to the night Carlson shot Candy’s dog. I went to the barn and heard how they were all planning how they going to get him, Slim reassured me that it was the only way. The others went of all armed; they all went the opposite way to where Lennie should be. I knew he would be by the river where we slept a few nights ago, I told him if he ever got into trouble to go there and wait for me. Sure enough he was there, looking at him made me shiver about the thought of my duty ahead. Lennie expected me to be angry with him but I told him visualise the dream of the imaginary ranch and how the rabbits would hop around and there soft hair. When he looked away I ended his life hoping he was going to a better place. As his lifeless body hit the ground it set a feeling guilt that was unimaginable. I looked at my right hand, which held the gun I throw it away in disgust. I’ve moved on now people, just don’t care about ranch hands. Best of luck Tom perhaps life will treat you better than Lennie and I.   

Theater and Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theater and Cinema - Essay Example Symbolism is pervasive throughout all artistic mediums, and the new(ish) production of Cinema is no exception† (Montano, 2010, par. 1). literary discourses: in short stories, novels, poems and narrative literatures. These symbols aim to enhance scenes within the film by providing viewers with the opportunity to respond and react according to their personal interpretations for these symbols. Definitely, these symbols added to the enjoyment through the aesthetic appeal that have been generated. Symbols create opportunities to entice varied emotions and magnify the appeal that is intended to be created by them. When is a shark just a shark? Consider the movie Jaws. What could the shark symbolize in our culture, society, or collective human mythology other than a man-eating fish? Why? A shark could be considered just a shark when shown in the most objective form (a documentary about sharks or as one of the species of fishes in the body of water) where the intention of the producer or director is to present a film portraying the crucial aspect relating to sharks and how they live, reproduce, eat, evolve, and survive, in general. When shown in the movie like Jaws, the shark could symbolize terror, danger, death. Likewise, it was emphasized that â€Å"the shark serves as a convenient metaphor for sexual and class power† (Biskind, 1975, p. 1). The shark represents imposition of dominance to society through its sheer power and strength to overpower those who are considered week and meek: the minority groups, women, the old, and children, among others. Next, think about a theatrical staging of Jaws. Describe the artistic choices you would make to bring Jaws the movie to Broadway. What genre would you choose? Describe at least three other elements of production and how you would approach them in your staging of Jaws as a stage play or

Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics - Essay Example In certain cases, the signs and symptoms typically occur in 6-8 weeks after the normal menstrual period, but ectopic pregnancy may occur later. In some of the cases, nausea along with breast discomfort, low blood pressure, weakness, dizziness and pale skin can be noticed amid the patient (Stà ¶ppler, 2013). Considering the fact that different sites of possible ectopic pregnancy implantation will influence patients’ presentation, it can be ascertained that the treatment of ectopic pregnancy requires implantation and actual removal of the affected parts of a body. In some of these cases, Fallopian tube requires either pharmacologic or surgical management. Pharmacologic management with the doses of methotrexate is necessary for effective treatment. Sometimes, the linear salpingostomy surgery is performed, if a patient desires to become pregnant in future. It is thus anticipated that proper treatment and effective nursing care will certainly help in providing effective and proper treatment to the patients under the circumstance of ectopic pregnancy (American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2014). It is worth mentioning that the notion of Perinatal morbidity and mortality includes stillbirth and the death of newborn babies within the first 28 days of the birth. According to the latest report of the Australian Bureau of Statistics published in the year 2012, 2,558 perinatal deaths were reported due to Perinatal morbidity and mortality (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014). Again, these 2,558 deaths constituted around 1,355 males and 1,203 females. It will be vital to mention in this similar concern that one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in varied regions of Australia is the haemorrhage from placenta percreta, which results in causing haemoperitoneum, a sign of perinatal morbidity and mortality (Government of South Australia, 2013). Thromboembolic is a disease, which occurs during

Building online bookstore for Chines market Assignment

Building online bookstore for Chines market - Assignment Example China could become the world's largest online marketplace in two years (Register.uk), with a current base of 30 million users (Asiasource). With growing spending power and a fast-paced lifestyle, the Chinese consumer is today, the favourite for all online marketers. Books, Game CD's and other computer gear seem high on the wishlist of the young Chinese buyer (Register.uk). In order to establish an online bookstore in China, we must focus on a customised business development plan that caters to the specialised buying and behavioural needs of this particular segment. China is much different from the United States or Europe in its approach to online marketing, and the following points must be kept in mind before embarking on any online business venture in this country. Amazon.com opened its maiden store in China with a localised affiliate called www.Joyo.com , and has succeeded in tapping its potential. Online Credit card transactions are the norm in the US and Europe for E-commerce (with a number of private players like PayPal, E-Gold and Discovery carrying out highly reliable transactions), but in China, except for affluent buyers, the penetration of such pay mechanisms is slow. Owing to sheer ignorance, many people still feel insecure about divulging their banking information to a remote web server. These precautionary moves are here to stay as long as the penetration of E-commerce continues. Two-thirds of present transactions happen by cash-on-delivery or post-office methods (Register.uk). Upfront payments are increasingly frowned upon thus, because of fraudulence fears. Transportation and logistics is an important area of concern for the far-flung regions of this huge country. Despite large-scale development, it is not uncommon for online agencies to miss out on delivery dates. Information infrastructure lies at the heart of spreading E-commerce. ISP quality and service value directly affect the convenience posed by the Internet for online buying. In China the ISP costs are still very high and the quality of service, poor. According to a survey, 49.3% of complaints are due to slow speed and 36.8% due to high costs (Jiacheng). Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is a serious bone of contention between Western and Chinese governments, and till date, shows not enough signs of resolving. Piracy is not just an issue in China, it is practically a way of life. There are many small, niche players in the Chinese market who make their daily profits out of duplicating Books, CD's and other branded products. Many of them have ventured online to take advantage of the corresponding boom in Internet spending, and can easily eat into the profits of any large MNC investing in China. The Government acts as watchdog to monitor any online activity that it sees

Codes of Conduct for Lawyers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Codes of Conduct for Lawyers - Essay Example sts a future use of the ABA Model for, â€Å"†¦may be consulted for guidance in interpreting and applying the Nevada rules† (Comparison of Rules p.1 2007). The additions and subtractions of the ABA Model by Nevada might be construed as nominal in numbers but the changes are constant throughout the â€Å"Nevada Rules†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and are strikingly unique’ in more than one instance. (2) To prevent the client from committing a criminal or fraudulent act in furtherance of which the client has used or is using the lawyer’s services, but the lawyer shall, where practicable, first make reasonable effort to persuade the client to take suitable action (ABA Model vis-avis NRPC 2007) (c) A lawyer shall reveal information relating to the representation of a client to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary to prevent a criminal act that the lawyer believes is likely to result in reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm. (NRPC 2007) By comparison, the operative words are, â€Å"A lawyer may reveal information†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the case of the ABA Model and â€Å"A lawyer shall reveal information†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the case of the Nevada Code of Conduct. The difference is clear: Nevada puts the responsibility directly on counsel’s shoulders, under an order â€Å"shall†, for responsibility directly related to ineffective action or inaction from counsel when counsel has knowledge that results in the prescribed outcomes of a client’s representation found in paragraph (c ). The ABA makes no demonstrative statement to counsel’s responsibility but infers a passionate and ethical response by counsel â€Å"may† without providing for possible responsibility of ineffective action or inaction of client

Future of newspaper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Future of newspaper - Essay Example Information technology changed the era of mass communication to an era of mass communicators where more people could set up media outlets (Steinberg 1). This affected newspapers adversely. Mary Vipond identifies that newspapers had a near monopoly on advertising revenues in the Canada in the 1950s (60). However, in 1960, newspapers lost their share of adverts to television and this fell to 30.9% at the end of the decade. It declined further to 27% between 1990 and 1995 and has continued to fall since then (Vipond 60). In the United States though, the American Newspapers Publishers Association announced a steady increase in advertising revenues of $5,704 million in 1970 to $25,170 million in 1985 (Fink 6). After 1990 though, the revenues began to decline since there was the introduction of new media outlets like the Internet and computers. Since the running of a newspaper company is strongly based on revenues from advertising, most newspapers declined. Technologically, the proliferation of computers and consumer electronic products made a major difference. This is because news is a commodity that is based on timeliness. As such, stronger and faster methods of presenting news always cause slower methods to disappear. The coming of the Internet and mobile phones have caused a lot of traditional newspapers to open online outlets. More significantly, new broadcasters have set up their own media outlets to disseminate information. This has led to so much competition. Newspapers have responded to these changes by setting up Internet outlets through which they present their news and try to advertise. As such, most newspapers now run both a digital and the traditional paper prints. As more and more people continue to use the Internet, it is predicted that traditional newspapers are going to focus more on the Internet. This is because there is a continuous increase in the number of people who spend their time on the Internet. As such, more

Progress report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Progress report - Essay Example The discussion on the stock price performance of Samsung and Apple, for instance, shows that while Samsung’s prospects seem stable, the prospects for Apple seem less secure and sure. One notes that stock price is an indicator of how investors see a firm and that firm’s future prospects for profit and growth in revenues. The downward spiral of Apple stocks of late seems to reflect waning confidence in Apple’s ability to continue to lead in smart phones as well as tablets. On the other hand, the stable prospects for Samsung are reflected in its share price also being relatively stable, after enjoying a substantial appreciation over the past two years. At any rate, it seems that Samsung will fare well even with the results of the case finding it has infringed on vital Apple patents relating to its smart phone products (Yahoo! Finance, 2012; Google Finance, 2012). Newer data and analysis on the prospects of Apple show cause for concern. The company, after winning the patent lawsuit, has been seen as having committed some serious errors and mistakes in strategy and product implementation over the past few weeks. First was its debacle in its mapping technology, after having ditched Google as a provider of mapping services for its own homegrown but seriously flawed mapping application. Next is what analysts see as flawed pricing with regard to its new iPad Mini product. Third has to do with how Apple is seen by analysts as having a crisis of leadership. Some analysts have come to view all these as signs that Apple is in decline (Lappin, 2012; Chang, 2012). There is progress too, with regard to the details of the verdict having become public knowledge since the writing of the first parts of this paper, owing to the jury coming out and releasing their explanations for the verdict, and the warring parties coming out in the open with the documents that were used as evidence for the case. The outpouring

Business Process Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Process Change - Assignment Example They have the original concept of a product. The inputs are the resources needed for successful production. Inputs include information or materials used by the process to produce the desired goods. The inputs are subjected to a process of value addition. The outcome or the completed product is the output delivered to the consumers. The product or output is the result of a combination of inputs and the process. Consumers initiate the process by ordering products. They are responsible for stimulating demand for the product. The situation implies that consumers are the most important part of the process. Customers buy the final products and thus finance the whole process. In essence, the business cannot exist without customers. It is thus important to maintain healthy relationships. In conclusion, a business process outlines the basic steps that are taken from the time a customer makes an order to the time the order is supplied. As noted, the process has five basic entities that include suppliers, inputs, process, output and customers (Harmon, 2007). The customers usually initiate the process through demand; hence, the business must strive to ensure that the customers.

Humans versus Nature-- which selects better for human survival, from a Essay - 2

Humans versus Nature-- which selects better for human survival, from a biological point of view - Essay Example ground concepts of natural selection, gene inheritance and anomalies, and adaptation will be important in trying to understand some of the decisions human beings have made. The paper will also assess how the contemporary society has responded to health and adaptation challenges in the bio environment from the perspective of nature and genetics. Human adaptation to natural environment is under constant challenge, prompting a continuous process of biological evolution. Human being’s capability for adaptation shaped his life on a number of ways. Man evolved to an upright posture, enlarged of brain, ability to make and use tools, emergence of sophisticated mental and social behavior. Human beings later developed technology to change his environment and improve their health. Therefore, nature seems to be having great influence on human survival decisions (BBC 1). Natural selection as one of the biological factors for human survival was based on the fact that the environment selected the most adaptable organisms to pass on their genetic materials. Natural selection means that organisms that were best adapted survived the harsh conditions of the environment whereas those that were poorly adapted died. Organisms that survived were able to interbreed and therefore, pass on their good genetic traits to their young ones. As organisms that had survived interbred, the crossing over genetic materials ensured genetic variation and genetic inheritance. Resulting organisms were those ones that constantly evolved and adapted to the environment. This does not mean that environmentally acquired traits were inherited, but that the environment naturally selected organism that were best adapted. It is said that human evolution took the same process of natural selection where those with good traits survived the harsh environment while those that were poorly adapted died and did not pass their traits to offspring. Inheritance, adaptation and natural selection still matter in the

Marketing Definition Essay Example for Free

Marketing Definition Essay Definition The process of defining and subdividing a large homogenous market into clearly identifiable segments having similar needs, wants, or demand characteristics. Its objective is to design a marketing mix that precisely matches the expectations of customers in the targeted segment. Few companies are big enough to supply the needs of an entire market; most must breakdown the total demand into segments and choose those that the company is best equipped to handle. Four basic factors that affect market segmentation are (1) clear identification of the segment, (2) measurability of its effective size, (3) its accessibility through promotional efforts, and (4) its appropriateness to the policies and resources of the company. The four basic market segmentation-strategies are based on (a) behavioral (b) demographic, (c) psychographic, and (d) geographical differences. Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/market-segmentation.html#ixzz2ImOtX3b8 Do you think that it was a good segmentation for MM’s to develop a new version targeting adults? In observing how MM’s have changed over time from the addition of peanut butter and almonds to the changing of colors and sizes I think that was a great segmentation strategy to develop a new version targeting adults. The new line of MM’s is 55 percent larger in size and they come in colors that are appealing to adults in its design (Schiffman Kanuk, 2007). According to spokeswoman Joan Buyce of Masterfoods USA this creation is designed with adults in mind and It broadens our portfolio so theres something for everyone (MMs get mega-sized, 2012, p.1). Buyce also states that the new MMs are available in milk chocolate as well as peanut varieties and come with an adult-oriented color scheme which includes teal, beige, gold, maroon, brown and blue-gray (MMs get mega-sized, 2012). Due to the new line of MM’s including aspects that target adults I think that it is a great segmentation strategy because appealing aspects are included in the development of the new version. Discuss three basic types of research of design (exploratory, descriptive and casual). The three basic types of designs are exploratory, descriptive and casual research. In the explorative research there is systematic and flexible and allows the researcher to investigate desires (Marketing Research Design, 2012). Explorative research is also most commonly unstructured, informal research that is undertaken to gain background information about the general nature of the research problem (Marketing Research Design, 2012). While descriptive research describes and measure marketing phenomena at a point in time (Marketing Research Design, 2012). This type of research is classified as a cross sectional study, because it is a one-time measurement, which is established in market research, outnumbering longitudinal studies and casual studies (Marketing Research Design, 2012). Casual research is [continues]

Knowledge of Causative Agent of Tuberculosis Among Patients

Knowledge of Causative Agent of Tuberculosis Among Patients Knowledge of causative agent of Tuberculosis among TB patients in Jaipur district (Rajasthan). Dr Shobha Tomar, Resident Community, Medicine,NIMS Medical College , Jaipur. Dr Dharmendra Mandarwal, Assistant Professor, Community Medicine,NIMS Medical College , Jaipur Dr Brajesh kumar chahar, Assistant Professor(statistics), Community Medicine,NIMS Medical College , Jaipur Dr. Sumit Ahluwalia, Demonstrator, Community Medicine,NIMS Medical College , Jaipur ABSTRACT :Background: Tuberculosis is known since ages and its causative agent was discovered eight to nine decades ago and still misconception is present regarding its cause in india. India is facing TB epidemic at present. Objectives: to assess the knowledge of TB patients regarding causative agent of the disease. Results: Total 300 TB patients participated in the study, 75% were male and 25% were female, 60% were married and 25% were unmarried 15% were widow or widower, 77% were hindu and 22% were muslim,49% were literate and 51%were illetrate, 59% patients belonged to social class 4. 56% of patients knew the causative organism, 72% of the female don’t know the causative agent. 71% to 73% literate patients knew about the causative agent. Evil eye(56%), past sins(52%) were main myths as cause of TB. Lower socio economic class had more myths about the causative agent (23% in class 4) (58% in class 5). Conclusion: In poor country like india emphasis must be paid regarding awar eness of tuberculosis among poor and low socioeconomic group people and patient. KEYWORDS : Tuberculosis, knowledge, myth. Introduction: Tuberculosis kills more people in economically productive age group greater than any other infectious disease worldwide. Tuberculosis alone kills more people than malaria and AIDS combined. Women death due to maternal mortality lies second to tuberculosis, such is the magnitude of problem worldwide. Tuberculosis is turning out to be greatest epidemic of this century, so great is the concern about tuberculosis epidemic. The problem of tuberculosis is acute in developing countries which accounts for three fourth of cases in the world. The impact of tuberculosis is greatest on poor 99.00% of deaths and 95.00% of all cases occurring in developing and poor countries. The majority of people affected by tuberculosis are in economically active age group. Tuberculosis and poverty go hand in hand people who are poor get tuberculosis and people who get tuberculosis becomes poor1. In developing countries still lot number of tuberculosis patients goes undiagnosed. There has been over all increase in absolute number of tuberculosis cases during last 30 years because of population explosion during this period2. Tuberculosis is the oldest known disease to mankind and is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. The causative organism was discovered long back but myths regarding cause of tuberculosis is still prevalent not only in general population but also among the TB patients. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The present study aims to study knowledge of TB cases regarding causative agent of tuberculosis and myths related to its causation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Period of study: Survey was conducted from 1st January 2013 to 30th Dec, 2013 for a period of 1 year. Sampling units: Study was conducted on the tuberculosis patients of the Jaipur treatment unit at DTC and at 20 DOTS enters: Area of study: The present study was conducted as District tuberculosis centre and randomly selected DOT centres of Jaipur treatment unit. Patients attending DTC and DOT’s centre to which they belonged to. Sampling Technique: During the period of study a total of 173 TB patients were registered for treatment at District TB centre Jaipur of which 167 were included in the study while 6 refused to participate in the study. Tuberculosis unit – Jaipur at the time of study had 415 DOT’s providers of which 5% i.e. every 20th DOT’s provider was include for study by using systemic random sampling technique i.e. choosing every 20th DOT’s provider from the available list. Thus this figure came to be 20 DOT’s provider out of 415. During the period of study 133 TB patients were taking treatment from these 20 DOTS provider and these 133 patients were taken up for the study. Thus the total sample size came to be 167+133 = 300 (167 form DTC and 133 from DOTs provider). Technique used: The study was conducted by taking interview of TB patients attending DTC and DOT’s centre. Data were collected in pre designed and pre tested proforma. All the details of TB patients, which included socio-demographic and clinical profile of the patient such as age, sex, marital status, religion, education, occupation, socio-economic condition etc. Clinical profile consisted of symptoms of tuberculosis, past history, family history, diet, bowel habits BCG vaccination etc. Environmental factors such as type of housing was also taken in account. Revised B G Prasad classification was used to determine the social class of the tuberculosis patient in the present study. Knowledge of the causative agent of tuberculosis patients regarding their disease and myths regarding causation was studied in pre tested proforma. OBSERVATIONS Socio-demographic characteristics of TB patients Table shows 75% of TB patients are male and 25% female. Most of the cases are in age group 15-39yr i.e. 63.9%. Married constitutes about 60% of the cases and among illiterate 48.67%. TB is more common among labourers. Table: 2 Observation showing cases distribution according to social class area of residence Above table indicates that 258(86%) patients belong to urban and urban slum in this study Table: 3 Distribution of cases according to the knowledge of causative organism à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 = 28.72 df = 1 p Table shows that 55.67% had knowledge about causative organism. 64.89% of males and 28.00% of females had knowledge about causative organism. 44.33% cases had no knowledge about causative organism 72.00% female and 35.11% males had no knowledge about causative organism. The difference was statistically significant. Table: 4 Correlation between awareness about TB causative organisms and literacy à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 = 16.41 df = 4 p Observation in this table shows that 73.91% and 71.42% of TB cases with literacy status of sr. secondary and graduate respectively knew about causative agent. 34.72 and 59.61% of cases who were primary and secondary educated knew about causative organism. Knowledge about causative organism among illiterate was found to be 56.84%. The difference was statistically significant. . Distribution of TB cases as per literacy status Table: 5 Observation showing myths among tuberculosis cases Table shows that 56.66% of the respondents ststed evil eye, 52.00% of the respondents considered past sins as the cause of tuberculosis. Respondents gave multiple response regarding myths about tuberculosis cause. Table: 6 Observation showing myth about disease in relation to social class à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 = 7.56 df = 4 p > 0.05 Observation in this table shows that 53.67% cases had myth about disease as the social class rose the percentage of cases with myth declined. It was 8.75% in social class II. While it was 23.35% and 58.08% in social class IV and V. The difference was statistically non significant. DISCUSSION Present study is an attempt to explore various socio-demographic factors and knowledge of TB patients regarding the causative agent of the disease, factors like personal habits were not taken. Study was carried out in 300 patients of tuberculosis attending DTC and DOTS provider. Age break-up of 300 patients revealed that maximum number of them i.e.36.60% belonged to age-group of 15-29 yrs followed by 27.30%in the age group of 30-39yrs. The observation suggest that about 2/3rd of the patients belonged to active age group for earning and productivity Shrivastav et al (1977)7 and Arya VR (2000)6 also found majority of patients below 40yrs. Mohamed et al (2007)15 in his study found 60.8% of respondents belonged to age group 20-39 years. 75.00% of the patients were male and 25.00%female. Male, female ratio being 3:1. Gopi et al (1978)10 also found prevalence of tuberculosis three times higher in males than in female. Chaterjee et al (2000)5 also found about three quarter of patients being male and one quarter being female. ICMR (1959)3 also found Male- female ratio of tuberculosis patients to be 3:1. Of the total 300 patients one third i.e. 33.34% were from urban area and more than half (52.60%) were from urban slums. 14.00% of the patients were from rural areas. Chaddha et al (1977)8 and Srivastav et al (1977)7 also found maximum patients belonging to urban slums (47.70% and 44.00% respectively). 77.00% of the patient were Hindus 22.33% Muslim. Shah M J (1993)9 found tuberculosis to be 70.40% Hindus and 26.00% Muslim Gopi et al (1997)4 and Laring R D (1995)8 found higher number of Muslim patient i.e. 32.80% and 35.60% respectively. Observation from literacy status of tuberculosis cases indicate that about half 48.60% were illiterate another 24.00% were literate upto primary level. Only 27.33% of patients were literate upto secondary level or above. Chaddha et al (2000)8, Gopi et al (1997)4 and Shah M J (1993)9 also found that maximum numbers of patients to be illiterates (39.00%, 58.60% and 58.30% respectively). Damor D, Singh MP (2012) 16 in their study found that 31.9% of the respondents were illiterate. Only two third of patients i.e 65.67% knew about the causative organism. No correlation between awareness of causative agent and literacy status was found . In study by Ali et al (2003)13, 78.00 % of patients knew about causative organism while Rajeshwari et al (1995)12 found that 86.00 % of cases were aware about causative organism. Dubey et al (2000)11 noted 95.00% of tuberculosis cases being aware of causative agent. Damor D, Singh MPS (2012) 16 in their study found only 6.9% of the cases knew the cause of disease. Ali Khan Khwaja (2010) 17 in his study found that 39% of the cases knew germ as the cause of disease. Various myths related to T B prevalent in tuberculosis patients were ; Punishment from God (40.66%) , Curse (42.33%) , Past sins (52.00%) , Evil eye (55.66%) , Ghost intrusion (31.00%). The myth were prevalent more frequently in lower social class cases then upper class. Javed Ahmed khan (2006) 14 also found that 50% of the respondents had myths regarding the cause of tuberculosis. Observation on correlation between knowledge of duration of treatment and literacy status reveal a positive correlation i.e higher the literacy higher the knowledge .It was 42.20% in illiterate while it was 85.71% in graduate. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 63.90% ie.2/3 rd of the patients belonged to active age-group i.e. 15-39 yrs. Which is age for earning and productivity. 75.00% of patients were male and 25.00% were female. Male female ratio being 3:1 1/3rd of patients belonged to urban area. More than half (52.60%) from urban slums and 14.00% of rural areas. About 60.00% of patients were married and 40.00% were either unmarried, widow and widower. 77.00% of patients were Hindu, 22.33% were Muslims and rest belong to other religion. Maximum number of patients were laborers (40.00%) followed by self employed (23.67%), 18.67% were housewives. Literacy status of sample was 51.40% 2/3 rd of the patients belonged to nuclear family Majority of the patients ie. 78.00% were from lower socio economic classes. Only 2/3rd of the patients i.e. 65.67% knew about the causative organism and literacy status was found. Myths regarding causation of TB were widely prevalent especially in lower class than upper class which were; punishment from God (40.66%), curse (42.33%), past sins (52.00%), evil eye (55.66%) and ghost intrusion (31.00%) indicating the need of creating awareness in patients in particular and community in general. BIBLIOGRAPHY World TB report WHO – 1998 Ian Smith (1999) Stop TB-is DOTS the Answer ? Indian Journal Tuberculosis, April –1999, Vol:46, p 81. Godhi et. al. (1979). Prevalence of Tuberculosis in a South Indian District Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 1979 p.26, 121. Chatterjee et. al. (2000). Multicentre study on TB cases. 55th TB Chest disease conference Kolkata. P100. Khatri G.R. (1999). RNTCP – Status report on first 1,00,000 patients. NTL Bulletin Vol. 35/ 1-4. 1999. p 18-26. Khatri G.R. (2000) Forum. Ind. J. Of Tuberculosis. Vol. – 47. p-117. Chaddha et. al. (2000). Treatment outcome of TB patients placed under DOTS- A cohort study. Ind. J. of TB Vol. – 47 (2000). P-155,158. Laring R.D. (1995). Prevalence of TB in age group 5-14 yr and 45+ among Tribal community. Calcutta University P-45. Nagpal D.R. Tuberculosis epidemic in India – editorial. Ind. J. tuberculosis Vol. 46-1999. P-79-80. Mishra P. (1990). A study of evaluation of NTP in Ahmedabad District. Study report of supervised field training MD PSM Gujarat University. Pavo Tanni – Medical Social aspects of chi TB in Finland. Scand J. of Respiratory disease 1970, 73 (supp) P 93-105. Bansal AK. – Assessment of Tribal and Non Tribal community regarding need for TB education. International Journal of Lund disease (1994) Vol. 3 p 782. San Sebestian And Bothanley. Tuberculosis preventive therapy; perspective form a multi ethinic community. Respiratory medicine 2000 (94). P 648-653. Javed Ahmed Khan et al knowledge. Attittude and misconceptions regarding TB in Pakistani patients. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association May 2006,Vol. 2(1). Mohamed A I et al. Knowledge of TB –A survey among TB Patients in Omdurman Sudan. Sudanese journal of public health January 2007:Vol2(1). Damor D, Singh DMP. Assessment of knowledge about TB among newly diagnosed patients registered in DTC Bhavnagar ,Gujrat. NJIRM (2012) 3(3):90-94. Ali Khan Khwaja. Knowledge about TB among patients attending clinic in karanchi(2010) www. /uhms,edu.pk/jlumhc/Vol 04 No.02

The Role Of Civil Society In Maintaining Democracy

The Role Of Civil Society In Maintaining Democracy The role of civil society and the media in modern day democratic governance is of utmost importance since they ensure the proper functioning of government while respecting the main pillars of democracy. This contribution is demonstrated best when one compares democratic governance in European countries with the situation in authoritarian regimes. It is very often the case that although there is a struggle towards the implementation and respect of democratic principles, they are still very far away from their proper application. Introduction First, I will define what civil society is since this will help us understand better its role in democratic governance. Then, I will outline how the respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and political participation aid and strengthen democratic governance. In examining these areas, I will demonstrate how the media and civil society play a crucial role in doing so. All of this will be established through the comparison between democratic countries, and less democratic or authoritarian regimes. Before one delves into outlining the role of civil society and the media in democratic governance, one must define civil society. According to Els van Enckevort  [1]  , Civil society is made up by very different organisations, networks and associations. From football clubs to debate groups, from womens networks to labour unions, from book clubs to political parties) and from environmental lobby groups to religious groups. Although some organisations will have a much clearer influence on political processes and democratisation than others, all are included in the civil society and all do have some influence on democratisation. Furthermore, according to Jo Leinen, a German Member of the European Parliament, stated in Civil Society and Conflict Resolution  [2]  , a contribution by the speakers of the conference held on 20th September 2007, that If you want to secure democracy, rule of law, human rights and peace you cannot rely only on governmental institutions or political part ies. You need a citizens movement. You need a strong debate between state institutions and civil society. One must also point out that the Treaty of Lisbon, which came into force in December 2009, mentions that The institutions (of the EU) shall maintain an open, transparent and regular dialogue with representative associations and civil society. Thus, one can argue that democratic governance rests on several pillars. In this essay I will focus on the respect for and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms; the embracing of a pluralistic system; the integration of minorities in all levels of government and society and the promotion of a wide scope of political participation. As will be demonstrated, the achievement of these pillars can be facilitated by the working of an active civil society and effective media. Respect and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Human rights can be referred to as those basic rights and freedoms to which every human being is entitled to. Very often it is left in the hands of the organs of the state to ensure the protection of such rights. However, civil society and the media too play a role in demonstrating the importance of the protection of these rights. The latter are sometimes considered to be watch-dogs and struggle to ensure the adherence to these rights. The constant violation of human rights can be blamed on the facts that such actions remain undisclosed. This is where the media comes in. Its role is to expose such violations and make the public aware of such violations. It is only after the public is shown what is the outcome of such violations that awareness can be created. Furthermore, civil society must emphasise that education about human rights is increased as much as possible. In Malta, for instance, the People for Change Foundation, an NGO, works towards the achievement of a just, fair and inc lusive society all members of which may reach their full potential unhindered by factors such as age, race, sex, religion etc. Furthermore, it promotes social cohesion, and respect for Human Rights. One of the main reasons why civil society is of utmost importance is because it upholds certain values which strengthens the same civil society, and hence the democratic governance. It should thus work towards the upholding of human rights standards, and such value will permeate all levels of society. Since civil society organisation tend to focus on particular minor groups, voice their interests and work towards the clearing up of misconceptions and misunderstandings, and overcoming mistrust and fear. Such organisations are to aid governments to promote, as much as possible, dialogue between people hailing from various backgrounds and ethnicities. According to the CIVICUS Civil Society Index (CSI)  [3]  project, a comprehensive study on civil society in Turkey, it can be argued that civil society is a crucial agent towards positive social change. Turkish civil society groups are not only providing services to disadvantaged and minority groups, but they also take active positions on several matters. The most remarkable efforts are in the alia of human rights where civil society organisations are making a lot of effort on expanding civic liberties. It is believed that when a particular government closes a geographical region to journalists there is the violation of human rights in that region. Chechnya, North Korea and Eritrea, amongst others, have all been closed in the past. In 2007, Human Rights Watch, an INGO, issued a report stating that the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua were closed to outside human rights observers, and that there was the commission of violations of human rights. The Human Rights Watch stated that there was little understanding of what was taking places in these regions since there wasnt much independent reporting on the area. The INGO went on to call the Indonesian government to open this region to independent observers so as to increase the amount and quality of information about the conditions there, and to allow independent and transparent reporting. Furthermore, the Russian NGO, Memorial, winner of the 2009 Sakharov Prize  [4]  also strives to promote the truth about violations of human rights in Russia, and former USSR states in order to ensure their democratic future. Freedom of Speech and Expression One of the most important functions of democratic governance is that decision-making at all levels is preceded by discussion and consideration of a range of views. A decision made after adequate consultation is likely to be a better decision than that which is taken after little or no consultation since the former mirrors the opinions, interests and needs of those concerned. This expression of opinions can be represented in the form of freedom of speech, and it is important in all levels of society. Without free speech, no political action is possible and no resistance to injustice or oppression is possible, and elections would have no meaning at all. Policies of political contestants become known to the public and become responsive to public opinion only if transmitted by the media by virtue of free speech. Furthermore, by virtue of Article 119 of the Constitution of Malta, the Broadcasting Authority is to ensure that broadcasting and television services preserve due impartiality in respect of matters of political or industrial controversy or relating to public policy, and that persons belonging to the different political parties are allocated a fair proportion of broadcasting time. Thus freedom of speech can be deemed to be the sine qua non of a democratic society. I believe that freedom of expression is designed to develop personal self-fulfilment; it is an essential process for the advancement of knowledge and discovery of truth; and it can be deemed to be a method of achieving necessary social change without resorting to violence. The importance of freedom of expression is outlined in Article 41 of the Constitution of Malta which states that: Except with his own consent or by way of parental discipline, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions without interference, freedom to receive ideas and information without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without interference (whether the communication be to the public generally or to any person or class of persons) and freedom from interference with his correspondence. Similarly, the Constitution of Jordan guarantees freedom of opinion and speech, in addition to freedom of the press and media, but all within the limits of the law. However, in practice there are significant restrictions in place restricting the free operation of the media. Any criticism of the king or the royal family is prohibited, as well as anything which is deemed to harm the states reputation and dignity. The government has used tactics such as fines, prosecution, and detention to intimidate journalist. Furthermore, while press freedom has progressed quite a lot in Jordan in recent years, the very complex legislation of the state, and the lack of awareness of the law very often means that journalist fall foul of the system. Nidal Mansor, president of the Centre for Defending the Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ), stated that The media is the cornerstone of reform and democracy, and so in 2002, with the help of the EU, the CDFJ set up a media legal aid unit which not only offers fre e legal representation for journalists, but also carries out advocacy work in Jordan and neighbouring countries to try to improve the existing laws concerning the press. While increased media freedom has been praised in Egyptian political life over the past decade, in last Novembers elections several negative factors surfaced. Pre-election time was characterised by the restriction of the liberty to discuss politics and this, as a result, slowed down the spreading of political information. They did not allow the opposition from using the media and made sure that critics are silenced. Freedom of Association and Assembly Article 42 of the Constitution of Malta states that no person is to be hindered in his enjoyment of freedom of peaceful assembly and association, thus they are to be able to hold demonstrations and meetings. The right to form associations with others comprises the right to join band clubs, political parties and trade unions amongst others. Thus, this can be seen as the basis of the formation of civil society. One must point out that the Maltese Constitution lays down that it shall be unlawful, to establish, maintain or belong to any association of persons who are organised and trained or equipped for the purpose of enabling them to be used for the display of physical force for a political object. It is recognized as one of the foundations of a functioning democracy, and its protection is crucial for creating a tolerant society in which groups holding different beliefs, practices, or policies can coexist peacefully. The Human Rights House Foundation, an INGO, deplored the fact that in Belarus people are deprived of expressing their dissent peacefully, and further condemned the use of force and violence against the peaceful demonstrators carried out on February 14th and 16th in 2009 in Minsk. Although the organisers applied for permission to hold these demonstrations, their application was turned down. In the latter peaceful rally held in solidarity with political prisoners, was also brutally disbanded. Ten minutes after people had gathered, dozens of riot policemen attacked the participants of the rally. Freedom of Press In more than half the worlds countries, banning, confiscation and censorship of publications are everyday occurrences. Even today, millions of men and women live under governments which restrict their right to know and express their opinions. The number of journalists, who go to jail for criticizing governments, or for simply expressing concern of any kind, is still high. As democracy is founded on an informed and active citizenry, citizens have the right and responsibility to participate in public affairs. Effective participation requires knowledge and wisdom. Citizens get their knowledge through media, and through discussions with others. The media provide forums through which individuals and groups express their opinions. As governmental watchdogs, the press and civil society organisations keep citizens informed of governmental events and actions. It is also important that people are not subjected to just one perspective of thing, but they are to be enabled to make comparisons, re ach conclusions and form opinions. The job of a free press is to keep an eye on the government, to make sure it stays honest and responsive to the people of the country. A free press also has an important role in government since it has an increasingly influential impact on public policy, governmental decisions and popular attitudes. Section 2 of the Spanish constitution provides, amongst other, for freedom of speech and of the press. Together, the Spanish independent press, the judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system ensure freedom of speech and of the press. Individuals are allowed to criticize the government publicly or privately, without fear of punishment, and the government does not hinder such criticism. The independent media in this country is very active and generally expresses a myriad of views without restriction. On the other hand, there is no current independent media in Eritrea, and all forms of media are Government sources. Eritrea has among the highest number of jailed journalists in the world. In 2001, in an effort to suppress increasing opposition about the future of the Peoples Front for Democracy and Justice, the government closed down eight independent newspapers and arrested a number of journalists. Eritreas press freedom is deemed to be the lowest in the world. Similarly, Jordanian radio and television are considered to be more restricted in their freedoms than the press. In general, people are allowed to access the internet freely, and such access in unrestricted; however, there were reports that the government investigated some website which were highly critical. Political participation and Elections David Friedrick  [5]  states that the participation of an organised civil society in governance arrangements at European and international level is enhancing democratic qualities, and goes further into saying that having a regulated model of participation would strengthen the democratic quality of civil society participation. It can be said that anything which restricts the scope of public participation not only weakens a countrys democratic foundations but also has the immediate effect of limiting debate over its development priorities. Furthermore, political participation is essential for realizing the basic values and objectives that minorities have. Elections constitute an essential feature of democratic governance. Through elections, people choose their representatives. Furthermore, political parties occupy a central place in the political process in modern democracies since these parties are deemed to be intermediaries between society and state. In order to guarantee the involvement of minorities in political parties, it is important to ascertain that the basic human right of freedom of association is fully respected. Recently, a Bosnian Jew and an ethnic Roma have challenged discriminatory provisions within Bosnias Constitution and electoral laws. In a case before the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) on 22 December 2009, the Court found certain provisions of the Bosnian Constitution and electoral laws to discriminate against minorities in failing to allow its citizens who are not Constituent Peoples to stand for election to the Presidency. The UN-INSTRAW/CAWTAR  [6]  project Womens Political Participation in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, demonstrates how the media can play a crucial role in the promotion of women ´s political participation in this region. In these countries, womens political participation has been increased during the last years, mainly due to increased access to education and the integration of women in the labour market. However, women are still highly underrepresented in the political field, as well as in the legal and institutional areas. Even during the elections in Algeria and Morocco in recent years, female candidates were only given limited coverage. This is to be distinguished from the situation in Spain, where in 2004, there were 125 women in the 350 seat Congress of Deputies, and 61 women in the 259 seat Senate; and the 64 women in the 169-seat parliament, and seven women among the nineteen in the Supreme Court in Norway. In these two countries, one can see how womens political partici pation is much higher when compared to Arab countries. Conclusion Thus one can conclude that the basic roles of civil society and the media in democratic systems of governance are of utmost importance, and one can say that their main scope is to limit and control the power of the state, to raise public concern, to promote political participation, to develop values of democratic life, and to express diverse interests. It is only when the media and civil society, work hand in hand with the government that democratic governance is strengthened.

The Problem of Plagiarism Essay -- Ethics

Problem As American education enters a time when the ability to use technology becomes imperative, a time when students will become expected to communicate and work via the Internet, and a time when students will need to be able to find and interpret information efficiently and correctly, secondary school teachers are searching for ways to provide their students with assessments that mirror the expectations those students will face in the workforce. One way to do this is to have students research topics and create position papers, presentations, and various other forms of written expression that require students to synthesize and analyze information. However, in the midst of researching topics and sharing ideas, these same students are faced with the temptation to simply copy and paste information as they find it. Instances of plagiarism are on the rise, yet teachers are in a position where they cannot discontinue this type of assessment. Therefore, teachers face the question: How can we sto p the rise of plagiarism among students? Input Since teachers have given assessments of any kind, students have attempted to find ways to cheat. Whether they were looking at another student’s paper, attempting to gain answers prior to the test, or directly copying another student’s work, these students were trying to gain a favorable grade without performing to the required standard. Today’s digital age has not only added more opportunity for students to copy the work of another, but it has also added an air of ambiguity to what is and is not cheating, or plagiarism. Some of this stems from, as Taylor (2003) states, â€Å"different mores and values than in the past [that] all contribute to cheating;† therefore, â€Å"working to understand underlyin... ...arch 11). New honor codes for a new generation. Inside higerhed. Retrieved June 25, 2009, from http://www.insidehighered.com/views/2005/03/11/pavela1. McKeever, L. (2006, April 1). Online plagiarism detection services – saviour or scourge?. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 31(2), 155-165. Retrieved June 25, 2009, from ERIC database. Slobogin, K. (2002, April 5). Survey: Many students say cheating’s ok. Retrieved June 12, 2009, from http://archives.cnn.com/2002/fyi/teachers.ednews/04/05/highschool.cheating/. Taylor, K.R. (2003, November). Bracing for cheating and plagiarism. The Education Digest, 69(3), 54-59. Retrieved June 25, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database. Villano, M. (2006, October). Taking the work out of homework. T.H.E. Journal, 33(15), 24- 26,28,30. Retrieved June 25, 2009, from ProQuest Education Journals database.

Comparing To Kill a Mockingbird with The Man Without a Face :: comparison compare contrast essays

"Fighting Fear and Tradition† Michael Jordan can't single-handedly win a basketball game. Wayne Gretzky can't win hockey games by himself either. It takes a team effort to be successful. That was exactly the case in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird and The Man Without a Face. Even though the time period of To Kill a Mockingbird (1930s) and The Man Without a Face (1960s) were vastly different, everyone needed help, no matter how dangerous. It is no easy task and takes a lot of courage, but it is not impossible, it is achievable.   Although Jem Finch and Charles Norstadt both matured over time, Jem had no real goal except to be a better all-around person, while Charles' goal was to make it to the military school. In Jem's situation, he believed one of the steps to success was to escort his little sister, Scout, back home. He did, but he paid a sacrificial price. A complete surprise attack would have left Jem lifeless like a fish on dry land if Boo Radley, the outcast, had not saved Jem's life. Jem even took the humiliation of apologizing after destroying the garden of Mrs. Dubose because of his lack of self control. Charles Norstadt matured a lot as well and was rewarded with entry to a top military school. He learned to accept the fact that people were no longer supporting him. For example, when McLeod ordered Charles to dig a 3x3x3 hole, he refused to do it. He later learned that this was his geometry lesson. Also, when Charles attempted to shortcut through his essay assignment, he was caught and acco!   rding to McLeod "a high class cheat now". Perhaps, Charles' biggest maturity step was his ability to see the person behind the burnt face of Justin McLeod. The news was biased, and McLeod would not answer, so he was forced to take facts from his personal experiences and interpret them "I didn't teach you the whole summer so you could cheat on this question!" yelled Justin McLeod. Even though both Jem and Charles fought against society's perspective, they both blossomed admirably and were later able to take a stand against a community with large prejudices. Despite the prejudices that both communities had, the community in To Kill a Mockingbird was racist towards Tom Robinson while the media portrayed the negative image of Justin McLeod in The Man Without a Face. Because of Tom Robinson's racial disadvantage in court, Atticus Finch became his lawyer. Atticus felt that everyone, including people of all colors, should be equal. "^ our courts are the great levelers,

Why We Should Stick To Qwerty :: essays research papers

Why We Should Stick To Qwerty Computer Science 10 The Qwerty keyboard - named Qwerty because the letters q, w, e, r, t, y are arranged next to each other - has been the universal standard since the beginning of the 1890s. Since then, there have been many proposals by other keyboard makers to market products that would enable users to type faster. Other proposals put the most frequently used letters - dhiatensor - in the middle row.i Although these keyboards enable users to type far faster than the qwerty keyboard, they are rarely sold. There are several reasons for this. First, there is no need for the regular users to type any faster than at the current speed. Second, for the people whose job require fast typing, the new keyboards can lead to bigger health problems that develop from continuous typing. Third, and most importantly, standardization has led the qwerty keyboards to firmly hold the position as the keyboard. There are major differences between the two types of keyboard users; the regular users and the other typists. The regular users are people who uses the keyboard for word processing, e-mailing, and internet; there is not much of a need for them to type extremely fast. They do not type mechanically but rather based on their thought, and thinking takes time. In other words, faster keyboards are irrelevant for them because they are not continuously typing. They need to think what they are going to write, one sentence one after another. On the other hand, the typists whose job is simply to type, do so continuously. They also happen to be the major victims of repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) which is in large part caused by continuously stroking the keyboards. In an article about RSI, Huff explains the changes that the companies are undergoing to become more productive: Many work practices are changing with automation to increase productivity. These include fewer staff, heavier workloads, more task specialization, faster pacing of work, fewer rest breaks, more overtime, more shift work and nonstandard hours, and more piece work and bonus systems. These work practices can entail very prolonged rapid or forceful repetitive motions leading to fatigue and overuse of muscles.ii Because RSI is a major problem to the typists, it would be a suicidal move for them to adopt faster typable keyboards. More of them will develop RSI. As for the companies that hire these typists, not only will the frequency of RSI development increase, the amount of money that the companies have to compensate to the employees who develop RSI will also increase.

Factors affecting customer behaviour

Cultural Culture Is one of the most fundamental of determinant of a person's wants, needs and behavior (determined mainly by countries- wants, needs and behavior of a Japanese differs greatly from an American) Sub-culture consists of smaller cultures within cultures. It provide a specific identification and solicitation for its members. Sub-cultures includes nationalities, religions, racial groups, etc. (The Silver market differs greatly from the Gene X or Y market in their wants and needs and where they hop) Social classes show distinct product and brand preferences.Examples are: upper Uppers, Lower uppers, Upper Middle, Lower Middle, Middle Class, Working Class, Upper Lowers and Lower Lowers. (Giordano vs†¦ Airman Exchange, BMW vs†¦ Cherry Q, Fine Dinning vs†¦ Food Courts) Social Reference Groups influences the person's behavior (peer groups in schools determine how one should wear in school). One may be a member of the reference group or not. (Students may dress In a manner that Is consistent with a reference group he/she does not belong to) Family members constitute the Influential primary preference group.A person may acquire an orientation towards a set of values that are consistent with that of the parents or siblings. (a place of worship that a person goes to) Roles and statuses influences the buying behavior of the individual. People choose products that communicate their roles and statuses. (A senior manager may drive a Mercedes car) Personal Age and Life-cycle stage influences the buying decisions of individuals. A fresh graduate may not see the importance of buying a home vs.. Newly-weds. Newly-weds with no children may prefer a sporty car vs.. A sedan for a family with young children.Couple whose kids are Independent and have families of their own may have more leisure time to take more and longer holidays. Occupation Influences one's needs and wants. A blue-collar worker may volt neighbor malls, whereas a white-collar worker may vol t an upscale boutique for working clothes. Economic Circumstances greatly affect one's choices. A holiday becomes unimportant when one faces economic uncertainties. Lifestyle determines a person's pattern of living in the world, as expressed by the person's activities, interests and opinions.One may choose a emote vacation spot while another may choose a vacation with a planned itinerary. Personality and self-concept. One may possess certain traits such as self-confidence, autonomy, deference, sociability, defensiveness and adaptability. One may choose to wear only certain brand of clothes from an obscure designers, and is not bothered by the influences others may have on him/her. Psychological Motivation- where is one on the Mascots Hierarchy of needs. One who Is trying to feed his family might pay little heed to the latest sports car. Perception- People perceive different situations differently.One might be wary of a fast-talking salesperson as an aggressive and Insincere person, whereby another may deem him to be a confident and knowledgeable, intelligent and helpful. This can be attributed experience. A person may decide to purchase a similar brand of car if he enjoy a positive experience. This is one reason why marketers are willing to let consumers â€Å"try' their products, hoping that they will enjoy a positive experience. Beliefs and Attitudes- Through experience and learning, one may hold certain beliefs and attitudes that a product can deliver. A Mercedes Benz driver will never own another brand of car.

Comparison of Wuthering Heights & Madame Bovary on the Conventions of Popular Romantic Fiction.

The novels, Charlotte Bronte's Wuthering Heights and Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary both vary on the conventions of popular romantic fiction. Wuthering Heights does this in several ways. For example, in the ever standing issue of social standing in novels of Bronte's era. Catherine is of a much higher social standing than Heathcliff, whose social standing was first elevated by his adoption by Catherine father, Mr Earnshaw, and then degraded after the death of Mr Earnshaw by Hindley. This aspect of the novel is relatively conventional.Social standing has always been a big issue for the couples of the fiction of that era. What made the situation between Catherine and Heathcliff different, however, is that they didn't triumph over it as is the convention of other romantic novels, like Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. Instead, Catherine married the man who was of better social standing, and who would elevate hers as well, Edgar Linton, instead of Heathcliff, whom she is quoted to say ing that it would â€Å"degrade [her] to marry Heathcliff now. â€Å"Another way, a more significant way, that Wuthering Heights varies on convention is the characters. The characters of Wuthering Heights are far from the conventional characters in romantic fiction. Catherine, as the novel's lead female character, is conventionally beautiful and strong willed, is also conflicted, violent and temperamental, much unlike the conventional heroine, who is usually more moral. Edgar, who is the ‘rival' of the story, is a far cry from the conventional rival, who is usually so obviously wrong for the heroine.Edgar Linton, instead, is a well-mannered and virtuous gentleman, who truly loves and cares about Catherine. After her death, he buries her in a spot overlooking the moors, a place he knew Catherine loved, and was even buried beside her after his death. Heathcliff is probably the best example of this point. He is possibly the most unconventional male lead in fiction history. The conventional character being a man of virtue and grace, a person more like Edgar Linton. Heathcliff, on the other hand is a hard man, cruel and vengeful. He vows and exacts revenge on many occasions in the novel.He punishes Hindley for his own cruelty towards him over the years when he returns successful and wealthy. He punishes innocent Isabella, in place of Edgar, who he blames for Catherine's illness. He even punishes Catherine by eloping with Isabella, for her betraying him by marrying Edgar. He holds on to his hatred, and his plan for revenge extended to next generation. He is cruel and threatening, even threatening to hold Nelly prisoner when she stopped him from seeing Catherine, scaring her into agreeing to bring her a letter from him.Of course, the most significant way that this novel varies on convention is the extent of Catherine and Heathcliff's love for each other. It is, after all, their love that has made Wuthering Heights one of the greatest love stories in history. They loved each other their entire lives, loved to a point where they felt like they were the same person. A feeling Catherine expressed more than once in the novels, â€Å"It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him: and that, not because he's handsome, Nelly, but because he's more myself than I am.Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Linton's is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire. † when speaking about her decision to marry Edgar Linton instead of Heathcliff, and again, â€Å"My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff! He's always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself, but as my own being† when speaking to Nelly about being separated from Heathcliff.Their love for each other that went to such an extent is unconventional by all means. Heathc liff on the other hand, showed the extent of his love for Catherine numerous times in the novel, for example, when she lay sick before him, and he told her that while he could forgive her for causing him pain, he could never forgive her for the pain she had caused herself. Even in this way, their love is shown to be unconventional from the love between other couples in popular fiction. Heathcliff's love for her is not the conventional fluff, and instead is something that ran much deeper.He could forgive her for the years of torment he had endured, but could not come to forgive her for being the cause of her own pain. This brings us to the second novel at hand, Flaubert's Madame Bovary. In contrast to Heathcliff and Catherine's deep love for each other, the situation in Madame Bovary is quite different. Emma's feelings for Charles Bovary is hardly passionate, first based on her own fantasies about marriage and then practically non-existent. Instead, she is disgusted by him, seeing hi m as inferior, unattractive and less than she deserves.A feeling made clear by Flaubert's description of a mealtime in the Bovary household from Emma's point of view early in the story, â€Å"But it was above all at mealtimes that she could bear it no longer, in that little room on the ground floor, with the smoking stove, the creaking door, the oozing walls, the damp floor-tiles; all the bitterness of life seemed to be served to her on her plate, and, with the steam from the boiled beef, there rose from the depths of her soul other exhalations as it were of disgust.Charles was a slow eater; she would nibble a few hazel-nuts, or else, leaning on her elbow, would amuse herself making marks on the oilcloth with the point of her table-knife. † Charles' adoration of her, on the other hand, is overwhelming and blind. He adores her to a point where he doesn't see the obvious signs of her infidelity. The man Emma really adored, Rodolphe, is enraptured only by her beauty, and he grew tired of her.A polar opposite to Heathcliff and Catherine's love, the relationships between Emma and her lovers are lustful, selfish, and lacks any regard for the other person. This lack of real love or passion, and Emma's infidelity is what makes Madame Bovary a unique read in terms of romantic fiction. Romantic fiction is conventionally a love story between two people. Madame Bovary, instead, in the story of a young woman who is desperate to fulfil her impossible fantasy of love, and the men who becomes involved in her search in making that fantasy real.Flaubert explains her misconception of love and expectation with â€Å"Love, [Emma] felt, ought to come at once, with great thunderclaps and flashes of lightning; it was like a storm bursting upon life from the sky, uprooting it, overwhelming the will and sweeping the heart into the abyss. It did not occur to her that the rain forms puddles on a flat roof when drainpipes are clogged, and she would have continued to feel secure if she had not suddenly discovered a crack in the wall. The presence of Heathcliff and Catherine's unending and unconditional love for each other, or Emma's utter lack of real love in her relationship with her husband, or Rodolphe's towards her, makes Wuthering Heights a more conventional love story in comparison. Madame Bovary sets itself apart even more with the constant presence of Emma's infidelity and the lust that surrounds her. Similarly to Wuthering Heights, the characters of Madame Bovary are also very unconventional compared to the characters of popular romantic fiction.Emma, the story's heroine, much like Catherine, made the choices in her life that would be the cause of her own pain. Emma, although like Catherine, is beautiful as is the convention, unlike the conventional image of a female lead in a romantic fiction novel, is instead, selfish, morally corrupt and unappreciative of her life's blessings. Charles is also a character that is very unconventional.He is portrayed to be a weak and pathetic man, madly in lot with a woman who is disgusted by him, and yet so blinding is his adoration of her that he cannot see it. He is incompetent, stupid and unimaginative. The first time he says something meaningful in the novel, is toward the end, when he is speaking to Rodolphe, he blames fate for the sad life he has, earning him only Rodolphe's disdain, certainly a far cry from the conventional male lead, masculine, strong and charming.A far cry also from the Heathcliff's character, who although was cruel, was also intelligent, competent and strong willed. Rodolphe, himself, is world's away from the rival of Wuthering Heights, Edgar Linton. Rodolphe is shrewd and manipulative, seducing Emma with an almost strategic precision, only to abandon her when she falls into debt. These two books are obviously, far from the conventional love story, and it is the fact that they are so far from conventional that makes them the classics they are today.

What Difference Did the Renaissance Make to Medicine

What difference did the Renaissance make to medicine? The discoveries of the Renaissance didn’t make a significant difference to medicine for many reasons. The main reasons for this are that the discoveries made were primarily about anatomy and physiology, not about cures and treatments, and that even though people had proven Galen to be wrong about several things, they still wouldn’t let the four humours theory go. This meant that when King Charles II became ill even the best physicians in the country couldn’t save him which just shows that medicine didn’t advance very much from the renaissance.The main reason that the renaissance didn’t make a significant difference to medicine was that the discoveries made were primarily about anatomy, not about treatments and cures. For example, Vesalius dissected bodies and produced a book including pictures of the body drawn by renaissance artists. By doing these dissections and producing his book, he realised that Galen was wrong about several things. He proved that we only have one jaw bone, not two as Galen said, he corrected the scale of our skeleton and he proved that there were no holes in the centre of the heart and therefore Galen’s theory about the heart was wrong.Although Vesalius did all this, he had still only improved the anatomical knowledge; he hadn’t discovered any cures/treatments or anything about our physiology, just that Galen was wrong with his ideas about the heart. William Harvey also did a bit of dissection to prove his theory. He focused on the distribution of blood around the body. He discovered that blood flows only one way around the body, and that blood is reused and not constantly produced by the liver as Galen had suggested.He used many complex diagrams which, when combined with the invention of the printing press, became quickly distributed throughout the world in the form of a book entitled ‘An anatomical account of the motion of the h eart and blood in animals'. Although this was an important discovery, it is still just about anatomy and physiology. Harvey didn’t come up with any new treatments or cures during the Renaissance. As well as this, because they didn’t have very good technology at the time, Harvey had no way of proving that we have capillaries and so some people still didn’t believe what he said.Even though both Vesalius and Harvey had proven Galen to be wrong several times, the people still believed in the four humours theory which was really the underlying problem and the reason that renaissance didn’t make a significant difference, and why medicine didn’t develop during the renaissance. It’s easy to see that medicine hadn’t advanced very much and that the renaissance hadn’t made a significant difference when you look at how they handle the plague and King Charles II’s illness.When the plague returned in 1665, they still had no idea that it was carried by fleas. They also still had no real treatments that worked against the plague. All they knew was that it was contagious. Although this was an improvement on their knowledge from the last plague in 1348, it was still not a significant advancement to medicine. Another example that the renaissance hadn’t really made a difference was when King Charles II fell ill. It is thought, from the symptoms of the King, that he had suffered a stroke.The best doctors and physicians in the country tried to save him with treatments of Bezoars stones, blister agents over his head as well as bloodletting, purging and vomiting – based on the four humours theory. The king died within 4days after being treated by these doctors. It’s thought that it probably would have been better if they had simply left the King alone because it seems that he suffered a stroke. This shows just how bad medicine still was and just how little difference the renaissance had made to medici ne as the best doctors in the country couldn’t save their King.In Conclusion, the discoveries of the Renaissance didn’t make a significant difference to medicine for many reasons. The main reasons for this are that the discoveries made were primarily about anatomy and physiology, not about cures and treatments, and that even though people had proven Galen to be wrong about several things, they still wouldn’t let the four humours theory go. This meant that when King Charles II became ill even the best physicians in the country couldn’t save him which just shows that medicine didn’t advance very much from the renaissance.

Eugene Ionesco’s Existentialist Views Essay

– Eugene has written 28 plays. His most famous works include The Lesson (1951), The Chairs (1952), and Rhinoceros (1959). -Eugene has been recognized as a leading writer in the Theatre of the Absurd. His plays break theatrical archetypes of plot and sequence; explore mortality, and introduce existential conundrums while utilising over imaginative, unrealistic and out of the blue humor. The line between fiction and reality is consistently blurred as Ionesco depicts meaningless worlds ruled by chance. Was made a member of the French Academy in 1970, and won a number of prizes including the Tours Festival Prize for film, Prix Italia, Society of Authors Theatre Prize, Grand Prix National for theatre, Monaco Grand Prix, Austrian State Prize for European Literature, Jerusalem Prize, and honorary doctorates from New York University and the universities of Leuven, Warwick, and Tel Aviv. Contribution to Existentialist Thought and Relation to Guildenstern and Rosencrantz are Dead – Eugene’s greatest contribution to existential thought comes from developing the building blocks for theater of the absurd. Eugene popularized nonrepresentational writing techniques to a point which audiences found it acceptable, and used basic existential concepts in his plays, inspiring future writers such as Tom Stoppard. – Eugene constantly refers to two main themes throughout his writings; loneliness and isolation; and having no control over one’s fate. The setting of The Chairs provides a great example, in which an old couple 90s only have each other in their small house on an island, which represents the isolation. Guil and Ros are always alone in their absurd existentialist thought which does not seem to bother anyone else, which leads them unable to relate to the people around them and feel alienated. They are physically isolated in their un-determinable location; however they are also mentally isolated. The two characters have no memory of their past, and as such they cannot retain any future purpose or goals they may want in the future; they are isolated to the present, and as such they can only react to things happening around them, rather than seeking tasks for the betterment of themselves. Guil expects that the letter they are bringing to the king will tell him their next task in life. He says â€Å"[t]here may be something to keep us going a bit. † Ros then asks, â€Å"And if not? † to which Guil replies, â€Å"Then that’s it, we’re finished† (Stoppard, 96). Stoppard shows here how little control Ros and Guil have over their own life. – Eugene’s work focuses on human existence and trivia of everyday life. Rhinoceros is bold enough to say â€Å"sometimes I wonder if I exist myself†. Eugene constantly challenges the meaning of life and what it means to exist in his writing. Stoppard compliments this topic as well, as demonstrated when Guil and Ros first gain consciousness on the boat. Guil converses with Ros by saying â€Å"‘we’re not finished, then? ’ ‘Well, we’re here, aren’t we? ’ ‘Are we? I can’t see a thing. ’ ‘You can still think can’t you? ’ ‘I think so. ’ You can still talk. ’ Ah! There’s life in me yet. ’ â€Å"(88). Stoppard explores the idea of living within a conscious mind, and no body, and only had thought and a voice in the dark. – Restraint due to social norms is another major theme throughout Eugene’s writing, specifically in Rhinoceros. One of the main reasons Eugene wrote Rhinoceros, was to explore the mentality of those who so easily succumbed to Nazism. Ionesco wanted to mock the German fascist movement by having characters in his book all turn into rhinoceros’s because everyone was talking about it and doing it themselves, which leads to one of Eugene’s main existential opinions: that â€Å"one must break away from conformity and commit oneself to a significant cause to give life meaning†. Eugene has people in his plays repeat ideas others have said earlier, or simultaneously say the same things. Not only do Guil and Ros constantly repeat each other when they lack the originality or purpose to say something new, Stoppard takes lines directly from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, and has Guil and Ros unknowingly change to Shakespearean English and speak Shakespeare’s words whenever they converse with other characters from Hamlet, for example when first meeting Claudius, they say â€Å"We both obey/ And here give up ourselves in the full bent/ To lay our service freely at your feet/ To be commanded† (27-28). Their inability to control their language and their conformity with the original play demonstrates the lack of control they have over their destiny, as if it was planned.

Comparative politics and political ideas Assignment

Comparative politics and political ideas - Assignment Example he political system in North Korea does not function to benefit the people that it ought to serve and, therefore, an active presidential democracy should be established where political leaders would be chosen by the universal salvage rather than the current handpicked hereditarily authority. Democracy ensures that the most suitable candidate is elected to office to actualize the needs of the people. Political representation also ensures leaders to work hard because they would face the people in the next election. Political representation has been working efficiently in majority of the nations, in the world and would work well, in North Korea. Presidential system has the most accountable democracies in the world. They ensure that public resources are accounted, unlike a totalitarian dictatorial system. Dictatorship thrives in wastage and engagement, in selfish agenda that ruin the economic fundamentals of the country. Presidential systems thrive better in a free market economy. This help in equitably allocating the scarce resources to the most deserving sectors in the economy. There is no agreed definition of democracy, but it is that system of government that exercises power on behalf of the people. It is a system of government that respects the freedom and rights of individuals. China has been exercising de facto totalitarian authority in the expense of democracy. Though the country has denied people political liberty, it has expanded its economic freedom to citizens and local and foreign companies. Both Israel and Palestine have a genuine argument on the conflict between the two warring communities. As it has been said the most deadly conflict have been the clash between right and right and not right and wrong. Therefore, the mediation of the conflict has found it difficult to find common ground for which both parties can agree on. However, it is the understanding of the causes of the conflict that can help address the situations. The original composition of

Leadership In Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership In Healthcare - Essay Example Leadership is a dynamic process (Cooper, 2003) and there are, great variations in the definition of leadership, however, it is widely agreed that for a leader it is imperative to have a vision through which they can inspire their followers (Donnelly, 2003). The followers must have trust in the vision and mission of the leader and the leader act as the role model for them. Earlier leadership was seen as the managerial task, however, now it is recognized currently that leaders can be identified from within their team for particular tasks and cannot essentially have a responsibility of identified official within the organization ‎ (Beech, 2002) ‎.  Leadership plays a vital role in the field of healthcare also. The senior nurses have a leader role within the national health services and the healthcare organizations like NHS would not be able to provide services to the people adequately if they don’t have people working as leaders at different positions like nurses an d healthcare administrator etc. ‎ (Fielder, 1967) ‎  I strongly believe that any person could act as the leader if he has the capabilities and skills to lead a group of people. There is no need of having any university degree to become a leader but the skills can help a person to lead a group of followers.  Transformational Leadership: Transformational leadership is combined with democratic styles of leadership. ‎This relates leaders and supporters connected in a general goal. It is a leadership approach based on embracing transformation and supporting development (Dale, and Philogene, 2002).‎ in this style of leadership, the leader provides a visionary explanation for motivating the team so that they could be empowered to achieve their job.  Democratic: Democratic leadership has some resemblances to what ‎implemented to be earlier defined a ‘charismatic’ style (Department of Health, 2005).  

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 4

International Marketing - Essay Example Because of the wrong interpretation of globalization, many organizations were failed in their attempts to market their products in international market. The best example is the writing equipment manufacturer Parker Pen Company which tried to market their pens all over the world using the same marketing strategies and failed in their attempt. â€Å"Globalization requires many internal modifications like changes in philosophy concerning local autonomy, concern for local operating results rather than corporate performance, local strategies designed for local rather than global competitors etc.† (Marketing across cultures, p.194, n.d) International Marketing strategies need to be tailor made not only for each country, but even for each states or regions based on the cultural, communal, political social and economical differences. In this paper the main focus is limited to the cultural aspects of international marketing alone. â€Å"Technology has been one of the single most powerful driving forces to internationalism† (Global agricultural marketing management) As technology and science advanced, the agricultural and industrial segments have developed immensely in many countries. Developing and developed countries have produced goods more than what they actually required and that forced them to explore international arenas for marketing their surplus products. International marketing has not been evolved over a night. It has gradually came into exist because of the immense technological developments. â€Å"Many global opportunities have arisen because of the clustering of market opportunities worldwide. Organizations have found that similar basic segments exist worldwide and, therefore, can be met with a global orientation† (Global agricultural marketing management) Countries like US though a prominent manufacturer of goods, not a main international marketing player like China because of imm ense domestic requirement of

CJUS 310-DB4 Replies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CJUS 310-DB4 Replies - Essay Example Further, you point out that mentors help adolescents perform certain tasks and as such, give them the direction they should adopt in life. While I do not disagree entirely with this argument, mentors play bigger roles in influencing the careers that the adolescents take. Some of the parents hire mentors to help their children perform certain tasks such as cooking and washing, among others. However, other mentors seek to influence positively the life of adolescents by providing them with information and knowledge on career choices, issues affecting them and how to overcome such challenges. Adolescents thus find it easy to confine in these individuals rather than other people. In your argument, you point out the various roles played by mentors in the society. According to your argument, â€Å"mentoring is a way to prevent delinquency.† While this is true, I seek to differ in that not only do mentorship reduce delinquency, but also play a big role in developing responsible adults in the society. It is inadequate classifying mentorship as only trying to prevent delinquency. Although adolescents face a myriad of issues, the reality is that some of them find ways of overcoming these challenges, and as such, are not victims of delinquency. Nevertheless, these require mentorship on how to mentor their peers and help them adopt safe lifestyles. Expecting for this, I agree with the argument that mentors have responsibilities. All mentors should be role models for the children in whichever capacity they serve. Subsequently, they should assume work that perfectly corresponds with their credentials. While some could be relatively educated and have relative jo bs, they could demonstrate the advantages of humbleness and the need for having plans in

The Legalization of Marijuana Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Legalization of Marijuana - Term Paper Example The legalization of marijuana Statement of the problem Marijuana is a plant through which the dried leaves can be smoked or used as an ingredient in food from which an altered state of mental perception, or a ‘high’, can be obtained. The drug has similar effects to alcohol with less danger of violence or risky behaviors due to the imposed paranoia that it creates. Over half of all arrests for drug use are for marijuana. In 2009, 1,663,582 people were arrested for drugs, with 858,408 for marijuana possession. In comparison, only 99,815 were arrested for trafficking of marijuana. The DEA’s Administrators Judge, Francis Young concluded: â€Å"In strict medical term, marijuana is safer than many foods we commonly consume† (Get the Facts, 2011). And yet, in terms of social currency, marijuana presents a danger to freedom and to financial health through the possibility of incarceration for having made the choice to use it. In addition, the use of marijuana has a far less damaging result to one’s reputation than does an arrest, conviction, and/or incarceration. One of the reasons that marijuana should not be illegal is because of the morality that it represents in the way in which a society should administer justice. Socrates defined justice as a state in which one took care of one’s own business and did not interfere in the business of others (Gardner, 2005, p. 126). Negative morality, a concept of Asian philosophy, suggests that morality should be found through stillness, though not committing an act that might cause another harm. The act of smoking pot is not specifically intrusive into another’s rights. The family of one might object, just as they might object to the use of alcohol, cigarettes, or even over consumption of food, but their rights are not violated by someone who chooses to use those vices and they are only affected if they choose to be affected by that use. However, criminalization of the use of marijua na interferes with the reputation of the user whose life and future may or may not include its future use, but will retain a public history of it if incarcerated.  

Principle of Fashion Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Principle of Fashion Marketing - Essay Example The essay "Principle of Fashion Marketing" concerns the fashion marketing. The growth history of the Louis Vuitton has been awarded with the reward of world’s most valuable luxury brand for the six consecutive years from 2006 to 2012. The recognition as world’s most luxury brand has also enabled the company to gain high market valuation. The market valuation of the Louis Vuitton was about 25.9 billion USD in the year 2012. The underlying essay aims at analysing brand position of Louis Vuitton. The brand analysis of the company will be done in accordance with the stepwise framework of PEST analysis, MICRO analysis, market segmentation, target market strategy, etc. The marketing mix of the company will also be presented in order to specific ideas regarding product, pricing, place and promotional strategy being adopted by the company. The assessment of branding and marketing perspective of the company in light of the above mentioned frameworks will facilitate in identifyin g challenges likely to incur in the next three years and solutions in the form of recommendations to handle such challenges. PEST analysis is the most widely adopted tool of performing macro environment analysis of the company. PEST analysis represents the acronym of political, economic, legal and technological analysis of the concerned company. This dimension of PEST analysis takes into consideration political structure, stability and regulating or governing philosophy behind respective government. France is one of the developed country. with stable political environment. The political atmosphere of the country is favourable with no political trouble, crisis, conflict or any adverse situation. The favourable political climate has attracted many investors to invest money in the Louis Vuitton expansion strategies. The establishment of any business operation in the France requires a fixed investment limit of 1500000 Euros (France Country Report, 2011). The fixed investment limit act a s a obstacle for many international enterprises. But, France government has tried to convert this obstacle into opportunity by announcing various tax saving schemes to business organisations of France. Moreover, France government also do not hold any strict religious belief and customs and thus facilitates the entry of every business enterprise having any religious background and customs. The favourable political conditions have facilitated the Louis Vuitton to a wide extent in carrying the business operations and pursuing international expansion strategies in France without any difficulty. Economic Economic conditions and factors also play a significant role in determining success of any business operation. The economic variables take into account inflation and interest rates, unemployment condition, Gross domestic product (GDP), and many more. The GDP rate of France was being considered as stronger in the year 2011 with the surprising growth of about 1.85%. The economy of France w as considered as fifth largest in the world and second largest in the Europe. It is also being recognised as one of the wealthiest European country and world’s fourth largest wealthiest nation. The aggregate household wealth of the economy was about 2.6 million dollar in the year 2012 demonstrating growth history of France (France Country Report, 2011). The inflation and unemployment rate of the France economy was also

Political ideas, under international relations Essay

Political ideas, under international relations - Essay Example He argues out that the diversity that existed in the human values defines the origins of political theories that extend to today’s political set up. A critical examination of the possible approaches of dealing with the diverse human values in a society leads to two kinds of liberty namely positive and negative liberty (Thorsen, 2004, p.6). The two concepts of liberty were initially considered to be closely related but later appeared to be taking different destinations. There have been efforts by philosophers to examine the main differences that exist between positive and negative liberty. There has also been a debate on whether one concept of liberty is superior to the other or not. Some of the rights and freedoms that we enjoy are those that are imposed by some legislation. Some other freedoms are enjoyed simply because there are no legislations that are contrary to them. However, it is important to note that freedom is freedom and regardless of its nature, it can be hazardou s if poorly misused or misinterpreted. Definitions By definition, positive freedom is that freedom that is guaranteed by some form of legislation. It refers to considering freedom as ‘the capacity for self rule, or self mastery especially on a collective level’ (Thorsen, 2004, p.6). ... The other one could be the right to own a property. Every one is absolutely entitled to the right to own property by most of the legal provisions worldwide. On the other hand, negative freedom is that freedom we enjoy because no kind of legislation forbids it. They are the kinds of freedoms that allow an individual to carry out his or her private affairs independently (Thorsen, 2004, p.6). This calls for the moral and ethical codes of conducts in the individual. For instance, there are particularly no legal provisions on how and whether one should enjoy his/her Christmas holidays. There are no provisions either that a bereaved family should have a memorial ceremony in honor of their deceased member. The celebrations in such occasions are carried on simply on the basis that there are no restrictions. In other words, a negative freedom is enjoyed at an individual’s own discretion. Arguments on positive liberty The kinds of governments that existed in the olden times were mainly a hereditary system in which one would have predefined successor, usually a son. In such cases, the rulers were mainly opposed to the ruled and what existed was a system of two conflicting forces with the ruled being unable to confront the rulers. In fact, the rulers often used their hereditary authority as weapons against complains from their people (Mill, 1859). There was thus a need to reduce the powers of the rulers and set certain limits beyond which the people were protected against such humiliations. This called for the need for the establishments of rights and freedom of the citizens in a given government. The rulers were forced to submit to such