Human Resources Development in Qatar Petroleum Research Proposal

Human Resources Development in Qatar Petroleum - Research Proposal Example On the other hand, there are some difficulties that are commonly experienced by all employees and they have difficulties in dealing with such issues. Such difficulties include but are not limited to limited funds of the organization, unequal distribution of resources at all levels in the organizational structure, and the criteria of eligibility established by the organization to consider providing the employees with opportunities of development. The target of this report is to offer a clear and practicable technique on managing career development in the organizational context of Qatar Petroleum (QP). QP has developed a Strategic Qatarization Plan where employees within the organization can be trained and developed so that they are equipped with the skills needed to achieve the goals of the business and address the needs of competencies and capabilities in Qatar labor market. It will be a quantitative research in which data will be collected from the employees of QP through questionna ires consisting of both open and closed questions. Closed questions would be used to collect the demographics of the survey respondents whereas open-ended questions will be asked to explore their views about effective ways to manage career development (Qatar Petroleum, 2013). Qatar Petroleum (QP) is a well-known organization in Oil and Gas industry. QP is focusing on achieving their objectives; such as long-term strategic targets such as developing their employees in order for them to achieve higher positions and improve their performance in work. To achieve this, QP offers good opportunities for employment and development to all employees in general and the Qatari employees in particular because they have been highly recommended by H. H. Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani who is the Emir of the state of Qatar and upon the recommendation the Minister of Energy and Industry (Qatar Petroleum, 2013). The idea started when the numbers of Qatari employees serving at

Summary and Response to John Gatto’s Article Essay Example for Free

Summary and Response to John Gatto’s Article Essay New York teacher John Taylor Gatto began admitting to himself that he want to quit teaching anymore in a public school after his 26 years of service, and his reason for this is the old system of educational curriculum that he said hurt children in any way it could while letting them learn. He even compared the school system to the training ground for animals. It was as if he condemned the lack of participation of parents in the formal schooling, and even exaggeratedly labeled the schools as killers of family orientation by stealing golden times of childhood and formative years and teaching children to disrespect their homes and parents. He then understood that he does not want to be a part of the systematic teaching on how to fit into the world as he ironically admitted how he wanted not to live in this world that he described as full of vulgarity, inequality, dependency, and so on and so forth. One example of dependency and inequality or discrimination of education system has been illustrated when he gave the case of Rachel and David. He explained the injustices of the system by demonstrating the usual notion that when the latter learns to read faster than the other, the tendency to depend on the system of the latter is much likely to emerge. On the other side, when the former would be marked as the learning disabled being too slow to read, she might then be categorized as it is all her life. John Gatto recognized the mere fact that the curriculum of education remains unchanged even if reforms kept on placing time after time. He was a self-confessed teacher although he was uncertain that he himself is an educator because he was no longer a believer of a stereotypical routine-like type of teaching. He knew that there are other ways in teaching kids without hurting them badly. He ended his article by placing a friendly appeal to the public of offering him jobs that would not hurt kids just to make a living for himself as he would soon be free to accept new job. As a response to Mr. John Taylor Gatto’s article published on The Wall Street Journal, I want to give him kudos for being true to himself. I do understand his sentiments as he expressed uncertainties of teaching profession that fell outside of his own principles in life. However, it is unclear to me his real intentions of publishing the so-called pre-resignation letter in a much read newspaper. It seems that he has just instantly realized all of these in just a snap. Otherwise, he only have the guts to stood for his own beliefs and takes the opportunity to address his life long sentiments just after 26 years of serving public school as a teacher. For me, the radical adventure of government schooling, as said by Mr. Gatto, would be the best way to teach and discipline kids during their formative years. Parents are born to support and raise their own kids, and there is neither a licensure exam nor school for such. Teaching profession has, which means that teachers are valid to take charge on a step by step formation. Besides these teachers might also be the product of the old education system that Mr. Gatto is trying to denounce. Lastly, and to clarify my own points of view, my belief to the old norm of public schooling is not comparable to my recognition John Taylor Gatto’s life lesson and his more than two decades and a half of being a sincere teacher even if he does not want to be called educator ever again. R E F E R E N C E Gatto, J. T. (1991, July 25). I May Be A Teacher But I am Not An Educator. The Wall Street Journal.

Computer Hackers :: Personal Narrative Profile Essays

Personal Narrative- Computer Hackers My perception of hackers was crafted long ago, by my brother, a hacker himself. He was involved with all manner of clandestine activites and tied up our phone line for hours. I, of course, never understood what he was involved with, but remember being excited when he broke into an army base, as the military was my passion at the time. I also never understood the constant calls from strange men our family would receive, nor did my parents. Now, my brother claims it was the FBI investigating him. Whether this is true or not, I do not know, but what I have always believed of hackers is that a certain mystique and romance is important to their work. He was excited by the fact that the FBI would be interested in him. Hackers use something as easily accessible as a PC to create great waves in the larger world. Although their tasks are often effective, they are not the most practical breed. Simply the fancy nomenclature they use and their tendency to form hacking groups shows that a full culture has developed. I have always been under the impression that most hackers did not find their calling for functional reasons, but to join a popular youth subculture. That is why I am not surprised that the vast majority were and are young, at least when the culture arose in the eighties. The identity with a formally named group further shows this need to belong. The wit of their stunts and insistence on a personal touch also shows that hacking is an artistic outlet. I was surprised that even in a political movement as developed as the Zapatistas, this facet of hacking remains. The Electronic Disturbance Theater, as their name suggests, view themselves as performance artists. I was also surprised at how the hacking community has evolved since TRS-80s from Radio Shack were the standard. The community has legitimized itself in many ways. I always believed that wreaking havoc was the main priority of hacking groups, and that their romantic fervor for it could not be quelled. Bloodaxe's final letter in Phrack exemplifies how mistaken I was. Not only is he disgusted by the community, but he admits that he and his contemporaries may have grown up. Perhaps, he is implying that many of their stunts were puerile. I also did not expect that hackers would cross the line to aid the corporate and government machines that they once opposed.

The First Red Scare :: American History

Many historians have examined the post-war Red Scare in 1919-1920, but few have explored the continued influence of the anti-red hysteria throughout the 1920s. This second Red Scare was generally more specific in its victimization, targeting mainly the women's peace movement. This opposition to pacifists grew from a post-war conservatism led by right-wing groups. The documents in this study address the question: What groups attacked the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and how did League members respond to the attacks? After World War I many Americans supported a policy of military preparedness, which they hoped would protect the country from any future attack. The National Defense Act of 1920, which originally specified a peacetime army of 280,000 men and a National Guard of 454,000 men, reflected this sentiment.[1] The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) opposed this act. They believed that government policy and spending should be directed towards international arbitration and the promotion of world peace. Their internationalist perspective became the grounds on which nationalist groups denounced the peace movement as an un-American conspiracy of communists, radicals, and socialists. Secretary of War John W. Weeks was the first public figure to initiate the campaign of slander against the women's peace organizations when he began speaking tours around the United States to counteract the WILPF opposition to the National Defense Act. He encouraged other military men to follow his example and many did, including the director of the Chemical Warfare Service, Brigadier General Amos H. Fries. (For more on the Chemical Warfare service and peace activism see another project on this website, Why Did the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915-1930?) In response, WILPF began a policy of sending letters to their accusers, refuting each slanderous claim one by one. Document 2 in this project refutes Fries's claim that WILPF members took an oath against any involvement in war. The Woman Patriot took up the "slacker oath" issue in its pages. Other conservative writers like Fred R. Marvin and R. M. Whitney wrote articles for the magazine that falsely claimed connections between the peace movement and the communist movement, ranking individual members on a color code of radicalism.[2] However, these attacks were not viewed as significantly damaging until the famous Spider-web chart appeared in Henry Ford’s newspaper, The Dearborn Independent, in 1924.

Ifrs 10 Application to Hyundai and Kia

————————————————- ACCT333 Advanced Financial Accounting ————————————————- Group Project Assignment (IFRS 10) Cheong Wang Shen Gordon Prepared for: Prof Bernardine Low Prepared by: Gordon Cheong Wang Shen Jason Tan Zhu En Twain Teo Wei Ren Wee Huixiang (G4) Table of Contents Question 1: IFRS 10 flowchart3 Question 25 (a) Identifying ambiguity of control5 Background5 Control issues5 Co-owning of subsidiaries5 Inter-company director relations6 Same platform manufacturing6 b) & (c) Application of IFRS 10 flowchart to determine existence of control by Hyundai7 Step 1: Determine the purpose and design of investee (Kia)7 Step 2: Determine relevant activities7 Step 3: Determination of ability to direct relevant activities8 Step 4: Determine if exposed to variable returns9 Step 5: Determine if Hyundai is a principal or an agent10 Question 310 Identification of four requirements in IFRS 10 that are challenging to interpret and apply10 Considering the purpose and design of the investee10 Determining the relative size of voting rights11Considering related parties12 Determining if investor is a principal or agent12 References14 Question 1: IFRS 10 flowchart Question 2 (a) Identifying ambiguity of control Background The Hyundai Motor Company (hereafter referred to as Hyundai) is a multinational automaker based in Seoul, South Korea. Hyundai is one of the two best-known divisions of the global conglomerate Hyundai, the other being Hyundai Heavy Industries, the largest shipbuilder globally. A famous Korean businessman, Chung Ju-yung, founded Hyundai in 1974.Following the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, Hyundai bought over Kia Motors Corporation (hereafter referred to as Kia) in 1998, which resulted in the formation of the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group (HKAG) . It consists of multiple affiliated companies related through complex shareholding agreements, although Hyundai is taken to be the de facto representative in transactions done with HKAG. During the acquisition of Kia in 1998, Hyundai out-bidded Ford motors to acquire 51% of the company’s shareholding. After a series of divestments over the years, the total ownership of Hyundai in Kia has been reduced to only 33. 5%. Hyundai and Kia are both listed individually on the Korean Stock Exchange. In 2008, Hyundai was ranked the 8th largest automaker in the world. It was also the fastest growing automaker globally for 2 consecutive years (2010 and 2011). The chairman and CEO of Hyundai is Chung Mong-koo, one of the surviving sons of Chung Ju-yung. Control issues Hyundai currently has a 33. 75% direct shareholding in Kia, with the remaining shareholdings being presumably widely dispersed. As such, it evidently has significant influence over the operations and running of Kia’s business.However, establishing direct control between Hyundai and Kia is not as straightforward. There are a number of issues that we have to look at. Co-owning of subsidiaries Hyundai and Kia co-own a large number of subsidiaries. As evidenced by the 2010 consolidated financials of Hyundai, the global branches of the Kia Motors Group are 100% held by Hyundai through Kia themselves. Both companies also have percentage ownership in Hyundai’s various component manufacturing companies like Hyundai HYSCO Company Limited and Hyundai Powertech Company Limited.Aside from this, they also have holdings in Autoever Systems Corporation, where their main Research and Development unit is located. Inter-company director relations The current Chairman and CEO of HMC is Chung Mong-koo. He took over Hyundai in 1992 when the Hyundai Group split into its various divisions. The Hyundai group itself follows a South Korean Business form of conglomerate known as chaebol, where the unique characteri stic is that it is usually a huge family controlled corporate group.As such, it is not surprising to see that many of the third generation members of Chung Ju-yung’s family are heading many of the different divisions of the Hyundai Group. Chung Mong-koo’s only son, Chung Eui-sun was a key operating officer in various corporate planning divisions in Hyundai-Kia before eventually heading Kia as its president from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is the vice chairman of Hyundai and is on the internal board of directors for Kia. Aside from this, Chung Mong-koo also has a 5% shareholding in Kia. Same platform manufacturingBoth Hyundai and Kia co-own manufacturing subsidiaries that produce component parts to both companies. As a result, their production facilities get the similar component parts from the same suppliers. The companies also use the same power trains (engines and transmissions) all manufactured largely from the Hyundai Powertech Company Limited. A majority of the au tomobile electronic components from both brands also come from Hyundai MOBIS Limited. Both these companies are co-owned subsidiaries of Hyundai and Kia. Both Hyundai and Kia also share design studios.In fact, the vice president of design based in HMC actually oversees the design management of both brands. The family controlled heading of both Hyundai and Kia allows us to consider the possibility of Hyundai having a controlling influence over Kia, especially with Chung Eui-sun’s dual positions on both companies’ board of directors. Furthermore, given the fact that both companies virtually sprout from the same supply chain, and control over their research and development and design of the vehicles are headed by staff based in Hyundai, we can see hat these revenue generating activities greatly affect the business operations of both companies. Even though Kia is clearly not a subsidiary at first glance, given the meagre 33. 75% ownership by Hyundai, it would appear that Hy undai may be exerting more than just significant influence over Kia through the various factors mentioned. (b) & (c) Application of IFRS 10 flowchart to determine existence of control by Hyundai Step 1: Determine the purpose and design of investee (Kia) Hyundai purchased shares in Kia for 1. 18 trillion won in November 1998.The purpose of this acquisition in Kia is for Hyundai to gain significant foothold and widen its market share in the auto industry. By taking over Kia Motor, the Hyundai-Kia group was able to forge a solid position having over 70% of domestic market share and become the 7th or 8th global automaker by combining its affiliates’ production capacity into the total volume of 2. 9 million units in 1999. Step 2: Determine relevant activities Activities| Does it significantly affect investees’ returns –> relevant activities? | Example of decisions about relevant activities| How decisions about relevant activities are made? Research and development| Y es| Reduce the number of platforms to 718 by the end of 2005, in order to save the costs of product development and manufacturing and produce a variety of car models having differing external styling and interior options for the brands of Hyundai and Kia| Decisions are made by a joint R&D Division led by the Chief Technology Officer (for Hyundai and Kia combined)| Auto-assembly| Yes| Which type of vehicle that each plant should produce? Whether Hyundai and Kia should share power-train parts (i. e. engine and transmission) to be supplied to assembly plantsWhether Hyundai and Kia should share production technology| Decisions are made by top management of the Hyundai-Kia group, where the de facto representative is Hyundai| Auto parts supply| Yes| Which vendor should supply auto parts to the companies? How many vendors should they engage? | Decisions are made by Joint Material Handling Division that Hyundai and Kia set up| Marketing and competition| Yes| Whether to focus on price or non price competition such as customer service and product quality| Decisions are made by top management of the Hyundai-Kia group|Step 3: Determination of ability to direct relevant activities Hyundai owns 33. 75% of the shares in Kia Motors. In addition, Chung Eui-sun, the son of the Hyundai Motor Group Chairman, owns another 1. 73% of the shares. This presumably gives Hyundai control of 35. 48% of Kia Motors, which is significantly less than the 50% shareholding that would give Hyundai the majority of the voting rights. However, we are unable to find any evidence that anyone has control of a large proportion of the remaining shares, and thus we feel that the assumption that the rest of the shares in Kia are highly dispersed is a reasonable one.If that is the case, then it is almost impossible that all these shareholders will collectively outvote Hyundai when a decision needs to be made, so Hyundai can be said to have power over the relevant activities. Another factor to consider is t hat Mr Chung is both the vice chairman of Hyundai and an internal director of Kia. As Mr Chung sits on Kia’s board, he should have a certain amount of influence over Kia’s decision-making process. This factor, coupled with Hyundai’s holding of voting rights, lend much weight to the claim that Hyundai can direct the relevant activities.Last but not least, we notice from the table above that the Hyundai and Kia managements jointly make most decisions regarding relevant activities. In fact, Hyundai and Kia share almost the same supply chain. Many companies in the supply chain are subsidiaries or associates co-owned by these two parents. However, because Hyundai owns a larger portion of shares, and hence voting rights, in most of these entities, Kia is understandably at risk if it goes all out to oppose Hyundai in some way or another.It can be seen that when decisions are made, Hyundai is better represented because of both the presence of its management and its voti ng rights, and Kia would tend to concede ground to Hyundai when there are disagreements. So, even though Hyundai owns less than 50% of the shareholding in Kia, they probably still have enough power to direct the relevant activities. Step 4: Determine if exposed to variable returns If Hyundai has actual control of Kia, they will be exposed to returns, which can be positive, negative or both.Also these returns must be variable rather than fixed. The returns that Hyundai is exposed to can be classified into two categories: 1) Returns not available to other interest holders. This refers to cost savings and synergies that arise from Hyundai owning Kia, which other shareholders in Kia would not be entitled to. In this case, they are mostly in the form of cost savings, due to the similar operations of the two companies. Consolidation of R&D centres of Hyundai and Kia, sharing of R&D centres allowed both companies to lower costs by reducing number of employees in the R&D centres * Products share similar core platforms leads to savings and economies of scale * Sharing of factories leads to further specialisation, for example, Kia’s Kwangju plant was designated as a specialised assembly plant for small-sized commercial vehicles for both Hyundai and Kia, leading to cost reduction * Sharing auto-part suppliers to apply greater pressure on suppliers for cost savings on supplies 2) Dividends Kia paid out 96 billion won in dividends in 2010 * Hyundai’s ownership of common stock entitles them to receive dividends from Kia. Thus, it can be seen that Hyundai meets all our requirements that would allow it to classify Kia as a subsidiary. Our last step would be to ensure that Hyundai is acting in the capacity of a principal, rather than that of an agent, which is holding delegated power. Step 5: Determine if Hyundai is a principal or an agentIn determining whether Hyundai is acting as a principal or an agent, we need to consider four factors: 1) Scope of decision ma king authority * Unable to find information proving that Hyundai has any limits to the decisions it can make for Kia * Presumably, Hyundai can make most decisions for Kia 2) Rights held by other parties * No evidence of rights held by other parties 3) Exposure to variability of returns from investees * High cost savings due to economies of scale Many of Hyundai’s subsidiaries depend on Kia for revenue * Affected by dividends paid out by Kia 4) Remuneration * Almost solely dependent on dividends, which are highly variable * No actual fixed remuneration In consideration of all the four factors, Hyundai is most likely a principal and not an agent. Hence we can reasonably conclude, after thorough application of the framework, that Kia is a subsidiary of Hyundai. Question 3Identification of four requirements in IFRS 10 that are challenging to interpret and apply Considering the purpose and design of the investee Paragraph B5 of IFRS 10 explains that â€Å"when assessing control o f an investee, an investor shall consider the purpose and design of the investee in order to identify the relevant activities, how decisions about the relevant activities are made, who has the current ability to direct those activities and who receives returns from those activities†.Paragraphs B51-B53 then goes on to explain the factors to be considered when determining the purpose and design of the investee. However, IFRS 10 does not explain how the purpose and design of the investee can be used to â€Å"identify the relevant activities, how decisions about the relevant activities are made, who has the current ability to direct those activities and who receives returns from those activities†, which paragraph B5 suggested. A simplistic scenario is given in paragraph B6, whereby the investee is controlled by means of equity investments.Beyond this straightforward case, paragraph B7 directs readers back to the factors listed in B3 to determine control (relevant activities , ability to direct relevant activities, variable returns and ability to use power over investee to affect returns). Furthermore, the factors provided in paragraphs B51-B53 are hard to determine and require much professional judgment. For instance, paragraph B51 states that in the process of assessing the purpose and design, we â€Å"evaluate whether the transaction terms and features of the involvement (at investee’s inception) provide the investor with rights that are sufficient to give it power†.No conclusive elaboration is provided by IFRS 10, and it is uncertain whether being involved in the investee’s inception signifies control. This creates much ambiguity and inconsistent interpretation across firms. Rather than making it seem like an isolated step with little purpose, IFRS 10 should provide clearer guidance for the objective of determining the purpose and design of the investee. Clearer linkages, between the consideration of purpose and design of invest ee and the other factors to be considered when determining control, could also be provided to improve the flow of IFRS 10.Furthermore, more comprehensive and conclusive guidelines could be included to standardise the interpretation of the purpose and design of the investee. Determining the relative size of voting rights According to paragraph B42, an investor can consider the size of its holding of voting rights relative to the size and dispersion of other holdings of the other vote holders to determine whether its rights are sufficient to give it power. However, because relativity encompasses the use of personal judgement, this section may be open to manipulation.In Hyundai’s case, it holds around 35% of the voting rights, including those held by its vice chairman, Chung Eui-sun. If the rest of the voting rights are very widely dispersed, with nobody else holding more than 1%, Hyundai can say that it has control because it is very improbable that all the other parties will c ome together to collectively outvote Hyundai. On the other hand, Hyundai can also claim that there is still a possibility that the other shareholders will collectively vote against Hyundai if it introduces a policy that does not benefit them, so in that case, Hyundai does not have control.We notice that the voting structure remains the same, yet different interpretations can be derived. Paragraph B42 also says that other circumstances, such as voting patterns at previous shareholders’ meetings, can be considered, but it is hard to say if the historical patterns are able to predict the future. Shareholders might not have voted in previous meetings because there were no major decisions that affected them, but if Hyundai intends to propose something revolutionary, the voting situation will definitely change.IFRS 10 can provide more detailed guidance to ensure that this section is applied appropriately and consistently. For example, when determining how widely dispersed the rest of the voting rights are, an investor should consider only the next 10 largest shareholders. If their combined holding is larger than that of the investor, then the investor does not have control based on this requirement alone. When assessing previous voting patterns, the investor should only look at shareholders’ meetings where issues of similar impact were raised.If previous meetings did not encompass such issues, then the voting patterns for those meetings cannot be considered. Considering related parties Paragraph B18 states that an investor can consider whether the investee’s key management personnel are related parties of the investor when determining if the investor has the practical ability to direct relevant activities unilaterally. However, it does not specify how much influence the related parties must have over the investee, so this may not always be a good indicator of power.For example, Hyundai’s vice chairman, Chung Eui-sun, is also on Kiaâ€℠¢s internal board of directors. According to paragraph B18, this should provide evidence that Hyundai has power over Kia. But in order to determine whether Hyundai can direct relevant activities through Chung Eui-sun, we must also consider the amount of influence that he has over Kia’s decision-making process. Kia has 9 directors on its board, of whom two are also presidents in the company, so Chung Eui-sun may not always have his way. If the investor does not take this into consideration, then the determination of control would be flawed.In that sense, this requirement would be more complete if guidance on the influence commanded by related parties was given. Instead of only determining whether there are related parties in the investee’s governing bodies, the investor should also take into account the role and power of the related parties. If the related parties have the final say when it comes to decision-making over relevant activities, then this factor can conclusi vely determine that the investor has power. But if the related parties do not have the final say, then only a minimal weight should be placed on this factor.Determining if investor is a principal or agent Being able to determine if the investor is a principal or an agent is crucial to determining whether the investor has control over the investee. A principal would have power over the investee, but an agent would only have delegated power. Delegated power is held on behalf of a third party who ultimately controls the investee. The method prescribed in IFRS 10 for determining if a decision maker is an agent is the consideration of the factors listed in paragraph B60.Upon further elaboration of the factors, IFRS 10 provides certain cases where the investee is definitely a principal or an agent. For example, paragraph B70 states that â€Å"a decision maker cannot be an agent unless the conditions set out in paragraph B69 (a) and (b) are present. † However, if none of these extre me conditions are met, we must assume that we would have to take all five conditions into account when trying to decide if the investor is an agent. However, there is no prescription in IFRS 10 about how to consider these conditions.In a situation where some of the conditions point towards the investor being an agent and some point towards them being a principal, there is a certain amount of ambiguity in whether the investor should be classified as a principal or an agent. This gives the company some leeway in choosing the decision that would reflect a better financial position of the firm. This could lead to reduced accuracy of financial statements and less comparability among financial statements of different companies.To make this requirement easier to interpret and apply, IFRS 10 should clearly state the relative importance of each factor. For example, the factors which are given a higher relative importance would have a higher influence on whether the company is a principal or an agent, as compared to those with a lower importance. As such, in ambiguous cases, companies will know which factors should be considered first. Given this, all companies will have more similar definitions of principal/agent, thereby reducing the ambiguity and increasing comparability among different financial statements.References 1) Hyundai 2010 Annual Report http://worldwide. hyundai. com/company-overview/investor-relations/financial-information-Annual-Report-view. aspx? idx=13&&nCurPage=1&ListNum=11 2) Kia 2010 Annual Report http://www. kmcir. com/eng/library/annual. asp 3) Merger and Reconfiguring of Hyundai-Kia (Byoung-Hoon Lee, Sung Jae Cho) http://gerpisa. org/rencontre/9. rencontre/S13Lee-Cho. pdf 4) HYUNDAI MOTORS’ DE-CHAEBOLIZATION EFFECTS (Hyunjoong Jun) http://gerpisa. org/rencontre/9. rencontre/S13Jun. pdf

The Founding of the North Carolina Colony

The Founding of the North Carolina Colony The North Carolina colony was carved out of the Carolina province in 1729, but the history of the region begins during the Elizabethan period of the late 16th century and is closely tied up with the Virginia colony. The North Carolina colony is the direct result of British colonization efforts in the New World: it was also the place where the first English settlement was built and mysteriously disappeared. Fast Facts: North Carolina Colony Also Known As: Carolana, Province of Carolina (combined both South and North Carolina)Named After: King Charles I of Britain (1600–1649)Founding Year: 1587 (founding of Roanoke), 1663 (official)Founding Country: England; Virginia ColonyFirst Known Permanent European Settlement: ~1648Residential Native Communities: Eno (Oenochs or Occoneechi), Chesapeake, Secotan, Weapemeoc, Croatons, among othersFounders: Nathaniel Batts and other colonists from VirginiaImportant People: The Lord Proprietors, King Charles II, John Yeamans Roanoke The first European settlement in what is today North Carolina- indeed, the first English settlement in the New World- was the lost colony of Roanoke, founded by the English explorer and poet Walter Raleigh in 1587. On July 22nd of that year, John White and 121 settlers came to Roanoke Island in present-day Dare County. The first English person born in North America was settler John Whites granddaughter Virginia Dare (born to Elenora White and her husband Ananias Dare on August 18, 1587). John White returned to England shortly after its founding, and apparently, the colonists also left the area. When White returned in 1590, all the colonists on Roanoke Island were gone. There were only two clues left: the word Croatoan that had been carved on a post in the fort along with the letters Cro carved on a tree. Although much archaeological and historical research has been attempted, no one has yet discovered what actually happened to the settlers, and Roanoke is called The Lost Colony. Albemarle Settlements   By the late 16th century, Elizabethans Thomas Hariot (1516–1621) and Richard Hakluyt (1530–1591) were writing accounts of the Chesapeake Bay area exhorting the beauties of the New World. (Hariot visited the region in 1585–1586, but Hakluyt never actually made it to North America.) The mouth of the bay opens up at the northeastern corner of what is today North Carolina. In an attempt to discover what had happened to his colony, Walter Raleigh sent several expeditions out of his Virginia colony at Jamestown into the region.   The first charter to include North Carolina included part of Albemarle County and was given by Charles I to Robert Heath, the kings attorney general in 1629. That parcel, from Albemarle sound to Florida, was named Carolana after Charles I. Although there were repeated efforts to establish colonies, they all failed until 1648, when Virginians Henry Plumpton of Nansemond County and Thomas Tuke of the Isle of Wight County purchased a tract of land from the local Native Americans.   First European Settlement The first successful settlement of what became the North Carolina colony likely dates to around 1648, by Plumpton and Tuke. A 1657 map of the region between the Chowan and Roanoke Rivers illustrates Batts house, but it probably represents a small community perhaps including Plumpton and Tuke, not just Batts. Captain Nathaniel Batts was a wealthy man, know to some as the Governor of Roan-oak. Other Virginians moved in over the next decade or so, either purchasing land from the residential Native Americans- Chesapeake, Secotan, Weapemeoc, and Croatons among others- or obtaining grants from Virginia. Official Founding The Carolina Province, including what are today North and South Carolina, was finally officially founded in 1663 when King Charles II recognized the efforts of eight noblemen who helped him regain the throne in England by giving them the Province of Carolina. The eight men were known as the Lord Proprietors: John Berkeley (1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton); Sir William Berkeley (Governor of Virginia); George Carteret (Governor of Jersey in Britain); John Colleton (soldier and nobleman); Anthony Ashley Cooper (1st Earl of Shaftsbury); William Craven (1st Earl of Craven); Edward Hyde (1st Earl of Clarendon); and George Monck (1st Duke of Albemarle). The Lord Proprietors named the colony in honor of their king. The area they were given included the area of present-day North and South Carolina.  In 1665, John Yeamans created a settlement in North Carolina on the Cape Fear River, near present-day Wilmington. Charles Town was named the main seat of government in 1670.  However, internal problems arose in the colony, leading the Lord Proprietors to sell their interests in the colony. The crown took over the colony and formed both North and  South Carolina  out of it in 1729. North Carolina and the American Revolution The colonists in North Carolina were a disparate group, which often led to internal problems and disputes. However, they were also heavily involved in the reaction to British taxation. Their resistance to the Stamp Act  helped prevent that acts implementation and led to the rise of the Sons of Liberty.   These irascible colonists were also  one of the last hold outs to ratify the Constitution- after it had already gone into effect and the government had been established. Sources and Further Reading Anderson, Jean Bradley. Durham County: A History of Durham County, North Carolina, 2nd ed. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011.Butler, Lindley S. The Early Settlement of Carolina: Virginias Southern Frontier. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 79.1 (1971): 20–28. Print.Crow, Jeffrey J. and Larry E. Tise (eds.). Writing North Carolina History. Raleigh: University of North Carolina Press Books, 2017.  Cumming, W. P. The Earliest Permanent Settlement in Carolina. The American Historical Review 45.1 (1939): 82–89. Print.Miller, Lee. Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony. Arcade Publishing, 2001Parramore, Thomas C. The Lost Colony Found: A Documentary Perspective. The North Carolina Historical Review 78.1 (2001): 67–83. Print.

102 Week 8 Journal Response Professor Ramos Blog

102 Week 8 Journal Response Week of 7/23/2018 7/27/2018 Sorry for the late post! This week we studied fallacies and monsters and their connection. See if you can locate a fallacy in the wild. Where ever you come across it, make sure to summarize and explain how it is a fallacy. See if you can give it a name. You can also write about anything that reminds you of the class and discussion. Requirements. 250 word summary and response to the article/post/news/etc; aka text. Comment below with a link to the text and your summary/response. 102 Week 8 Journal Response Sorry for the late post! Find an article that relates in some way to the things we have been talking about in class. Summarize the article, then respond to it in some way. Explain the argument you believe they are making? Why did you pick it? How does it connect to our class? One paragraph summary of source. One paragraph response to source. Include a link to the text. Should be about 250 words in length. Comment below with your response.

Free Essays on Everyday Stalinism

Book Critique on Everyday Stalinism In Shelia Fitzpatrick’s Everyday Stalinism, life in Soviet Russia during the 1930s is described in a variety of ways. After the revolution of 1917 and the change in the regime, life for ordinary Russians took a very different course. Agriculture was no longer a private entity, but a state-ran operation. Industrialization was given top priority, and even as people were starving and suffering sever economic hardships, the state continued to build railways and new factories in its hopes to make Russia completely self-sufficient. More than anything else, â€Å"normal† everyday life had been dramatically altered. Citizens now worked for the state, laws and legal procedures were held in low regard; food, clothing, shelter and other basic human needs were scarce. The state ruled by terror, arresting people on suspicion of not conforming to the states belief system. Citizens were watched, spied on and were basically at the mercy of the high-ranking communist officials. The 1930s were truly a time of hardship and terror for many living in Soviet Russia. This book critique will seek to give a brief synopsis of Everyday Stalinism, how reading this book enhanced my own personal understanding of Soviet history, and I will comment how the author presented her arguments. In Everyday Stalinism, Fitzpatrick seeks to paint a vivid picture of everyday life under Stalin’s reign. First, Stalinism can be defined as â€Å"Communist Party rule, Marxist- Taylor 2 Leninist ideology, rampant bureaucracy, leader cults, state control over production and distribution†¦police surveillance, terror†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzpatrick, 1999, 3). Lenin had understood that pure communism was only hurting Russia, not making it the promise-land that everyone had originally anticipated. He passed the New Economic Policy, which allowed for the reversion back to some private enterprises. When Stalin took power several years ... Free Essays on Everyday Stalinism Free Essays on Everyday Stalinism Book Critique on Everyday Stalinism In Shelia Fitzpatrick’s Everyday Stalinism, life in Soviet Russia during the 1930s is described in a variety of ways. After the revolution of 1917 and the change in the regime, life for ordinary Russians took a very different course. Agriculture was no longer a private entity, but a state-ran operation. Industrialization was given top priority, and even as people were starving and suffering sever economic hardships, the state continued to build railways and new factories in its hopes to make Russia completely self-sufficient. More than anything else, â€Å"normal† everyday life had been dramatically altered. Citizens now worked for the state, laws and legal procedures were held in low regard; food, clothing, shelter and other basic human needs were scarce. The state ruled by terror, arresting people on suspicion of not conforming to the states belief system. Citizens were watched, spied on and were basically at the mercy of the high-ranking communist officials. The 1930s were truly a time of hardship and terror for many living in Soviet Russia. This book critique will seek to give a brief synopsis of Everyday Stalinism, how reading this book enhanced my own personal understanding of Soviet history, and I will comment how the author presented her arguments. In Everyday Stalinism, Fitzpatrick seeks to paint a vivid picture of everyday life under Stalin’s reign. First, Stalinism can be defined as â€Å"Communist Party rule, Marxist- Taylor 2 Leninist ideology, rampant bureaucracy, leader cults, state control over production and distribution†¦police surveillance, terror†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzpatrick, 1999, 3). Lenin had understood that pure communism was only hurting Russia, not making it the promise-land that everyone had originally anticipated. He passed the New Economic Policy, which allowed for the reversion back to some private enterprises. When Stalin took power several years ...

HIPPA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

HIPPA - Essay Example Reading current newsletters and journals would be pivotal since it provides update information on the new trends. The research would also encompass investigating how various related companies or organizations employ the HIPAA rules and regulations (Luxton, Kayl & Mishkind, 2012). While at this, I will be keen on the strengths and weaknesses of these organizations to ensure that the new practice redress any errors. Besides, personnel in the organization must also be interviewed to know their perceptions or attitudes towards the new policy (Luxton, Kayl & Mishkind, 2012). I would also study how the organization has attempted to comply with the HIPAA. All these will provide a good head start. I will be able to strategize a plan for the application of the HIPAA. Also, in order to ensure compliance, I would advise the physician about the security standards of HIPAA. They demand that they have the obligation of securing the patient electronic medical information (Luxton, Kayl & Mishkind, 2012). It should be done by using a series of procedures and mechanisms that aim at restoring the confidentiality, availability and integrity of the information. That is to say, that the physician is accountable of the medical information about the patient. In a case of any irregularity, the physician will be held responsible (Luxton, Kayl & Mishkind, 2012). The new medical practice location should be in a place enough security that will provide ample protection for both the electronic media and other documents. The information here is the one that is collected, maintained, used and transmitted by the physician (Luxton, Kayl & Mishkind, 2012). The general practitioner must know that the more discrete the new practice is regarding the medical information of pa tients, the more trustworthy it will become. HIPAA controls the manner in which a physician can use and disclose the health

How violent video games have positive and negative effects on children Essay

How violent video games have positive and negative effects on children - Essay Example Harmless games like Pac-man started catching the child’s attention for hours and this was the beginning of game addiction in kids. With time, development of graphics and better appealing games started appearing in the market. With rapid increase of the gaming market, the genres of games started to change and new eon was set, where games did not look harmless anymore and the violence level inhabited by these games started becoming pretty alarming. One of the first high violent games that caught the world by storm was ‘Mortal Kombat’, a unique two player fighting game. The violence however was the nature of fighting and the brutal moves that were incorporated by each character. The game also showcased extreme violence in the end of each level, in which the losing game character would die a sadistic death by getting his body parts ripped by the other character. Due to this attribute of the game, it became an instant rage especially amongst teenagers. Media has played a major part installing ideas of violence amongst children and teenagers. Violence filled games has taken this to the next level. The following study of comparison between a violent game and a non violent game indicates the impact they can have on teenager’s mind: â€Å"They also found (Study 2) that participants who played Wolfenstein 3D (a violent game where the player â€Å"walks â€Å"through a castle, armed with various weapons, and attempts to kill people) in the lab behaved more aggressively than participants who played a nonviolent game† (Bruce D. Bartholow & Craig A. Anderson. Page 2.2001) The question that arises is can we co-relate extreme violence in schools with violence in video games. Pre-teens boys are always using the techniques and moves shown in the games on each other. However the alarming part comes, when these school kids decide to kill their classmates and teachers in similar game fashion. The one player shooting games has a deep effect on teenagers and if the child is

Coursework Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Coursework - Case Study Example In this context, the employer can be prosecuted if the worker died or he or she is an illegal immigrant. An example of a case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) HL, Mrs. Donoghue accompanied by a friend went to Minchella’s Wellmeadow. The friend ordered ice cream and a bottle of ginger beer, when all the beer was poured, and it was found to contain a snail. Mrs. Donoghue became unwell after consuming the contaminated beer. The owner of the cafà © was held negligible of duty of care, because the neighbor was injured. The cafà © owner act affected another person that she ought to have them under observation not to be affected. Where a person is held in an institution then the organization owes the convict a relevant duty of care. It applies where the offence committed has features relating to offence in section occurred before 1 September 2011, and then the common law applies. The court will decide whether the organization owed the dead a duty of care (section 2(5) (Ormerod, Smith & Hogan, 2011). However, in order to conclude there was a breach, it must be very serious and the extent of risk to death it posed section 8(2). This shows the complexity of the legal nature to the presence of a duty of care in the law of negligence. A case of Khan, R v [1993] CA, the defendant, a drug dealer gave heroin to a 15-year-old girl. Afterward, the girl was in apparent need for medical attention but the defendant left her until the following day when she was found dead. The drug dealer was convicted for the offence of omission to ask for medical assistance and not giving heroin. The jury concluded that he owed the girl duty of care, which he breached, and constituted gross negligence and thus a criminal act. Even though the Act does not define causation, the intention follows the features of the law on gross negligence manslaughter. Therefore, the hearing will need to demonstrate that the breach was more than the

How has Modern Technology improved Emergency Response Capabilities Assignment

How has Modern Technology improved Emergency Response Capabilities - Assignment Example The software development is focused to develop methods to generate high resolution fused data studies to create three-dimensional product view among other features for correct forecasting to generate accurate weather alerts, which is just one of the various features of the software development (NWS, 2012). Future is full of new possibilities in the fields of technology for emergency communication in the time of disasters. Technology advancements also offer new challenges to apply new innovations in the current Department of Homeland Security (DHS) programs. The ongoing communications programs need to be revised for assimilating future additions of modern technology. Cyber Security & Communications (CS&C) has always played a leading part in the overall security of the nation’s 18 important infrastructure divisions under Homeland Security President Directive-7 (HSPD-7). CS&C is behind all the government communications programs related to priority services such as GETS, which is a White House initiated emergency telecommunications service, offering communications support to all government and non-government missions (DHS News, 2012). Emergency management in the context of interstate collaboration can better help in making a quick response to catastrophic disasters. Such an agreement named the Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC) is based on mutual help in collaboration with other states, facilitating states to take collective action against natural and human disasters, mostly before the availability of federal disaster assistance. Emergency management can be well understood by discussing EMACs call to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita to attend to the critical requirement for evaluation of emergency management at the local level. A studious evaluation of news reports, government papers, and reports from related organizations needs to be conducted to reach at some conclusion on the extent and way of EMACs execution and its conduct at the time of response functions.

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Statistics - Essay Example 2. You wish to estimate the weight of the students at EKU. Using the question 2 data, calculate your sample mean to the nearest tenth of a pound. Use that estimate to construct 95% confidence interval for the true average if you know that the standard deviation of the population is 2.3 pounds. Construct 95% confidence interval if you do not know the true standard deviation. Comment on why those confidence intervals are different. Both confidence intervals are slightly different because one is computed based on known population standard deviation, ÏÆ' and z distribution and other is calculated based on sample standard deviation, s and t distribution. The t distribution has slightly broader tails then z distribution, therefore, the confidence interval is also slightly wider as compared to z distribution. 3. The average height in the United States for men is 69.3 inches. The standard deviation for the population of the men in the US is 3.4 inches. You measure a sample of people from Richmond and find that the average of these 16 men is 71.4 inches with a sample standard deviation of 4.8 inches. Assume all testing is for 95% confidence. 4. We wish to compare the weights of the people of Richmond, Kentucky with those of Lexington, Kentucky. We do not know the standard deviation for the population as a whole and we cannot assume that the unknown sigma is the same for each city. We take a sample from each city and the results are as follows All the three models are statistically significant and also, In model 3, individually, Parent’s income and Years of education significantly predicts person’s annual income . However, the adjusted R2 value for the model 3 is highest of all the regression models. Therefore, the best model is given by Adjusted R2 is a measure of Goodness-of-fit and penalizes the R2 for adding additional explanatory variables. The higher the value of adjusted R2,

How has Modern Technology improved Emergency Response Capabilities Assignment

How has Modern Technology improved Emergency Response Capabilities - Assignment Example The software development is focused to develop methods to generate high resolution fused data studies to create three-dimensional product view among other features for correct forecasting to generate accurate weather alerts, which is just one of the various features of the software development (NWS, 2012). Future is full of new possibilities in the fields of technology for emergency communication in the time of disasters. Technology advancements also offer new challenges to apply new innovations in the current Department of Homeland Security (DHS) programs. The ongoing communications programs need to be revised for assimilating future additions of modern technology. Cyber Security & Communications (CS&C) has always played a leading part in the overall security of the nation’s 18 important infrastructure divisions under Homeland Security President Directive-7 (HSPD-7). CS&C is behind all the government communications programs related to priority services such as GETS, which is a White House initiated emergency telecommunications service, offering communications support to all government and non-government missions (DHS News, 2012). Emergency management in the context of interstate collaboration can better help in making a quick response to catastrophic disasters. Such an agreement named the Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC) is based on mutual help in collaboration with other states, facilitating states to take collective action against natural and human disasters, mostly before the availability of federal disaster assistance. Emergency management can be well understood by discussing EMACs call to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita to attend to the critical requirement for evaluation of emergency management at the local level. A studious evaluation of news reports, government papers, and reports from related organizations needs to be conducted to reach at some conclusion on the extent and way of EMACs execution and its conduct at the time of response functions.

The Writing Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Writing Process - Essay Example Thus, the individual’s critical analysis skills are polished as a writer. The more educated and experienced the writer, the more mature, decent, organized, and sensible the writing. Individuals do a variety of forms of writing in their everyday life. As they write more, they learn more. These forms of writing include but are not limited to essays, letters, applications, academic papers, research papers, stories, and dissertations. What an individual writes fundamentally depends upon what motivates him/her to write. The motivation behind writing poetry may be hobby. Motivation behind writing a letter or an application may be an urgent need. Motivation behind writing an essay may be passing the exam. Likewise, stories are often written to be published in the newspapers or magazines as this happens to be a source of income for some writers. Different people like and dislike different things about writing, though certain things can be commonly included in either of the two categories. Things that people like about writing is that they can own a thing that they produced in a very short span of time, writing provides people with a way to express themselves freely, and writing saves memories one has at a particular point in time. The ability of writing to express thoughts makes it a form of art. Writing often gets boring when it is imposed upon an individual as a compulsory task. The mere fact that they have to write rather than they can opt to write makes writing essays difficult and boring for the students when they are given this task as a homework. Some things that people commonly dislike about writing is that it can be very biased and manipulative, and that the type of language used in the writing has to be adjusted according to the genre of the writing; language used in an official document is very different from tha t used in poetry. There are certain rules and principles that have to be respected and followed while writing

Sub-Saharan Africa Essay Example for Free

Sub-Saharan Africa Essay A â€Å"little more than a hundred years ago much of Africa was a vast unknown† (Gestrin xix). It is different and has many untapped natural resources such as cobalt, gold, chrome, platinum, and uranium. The most significant turning point in Africa’s history is the G8 plan. The G8 plan, Leaders of the Group of Eight, signed an agreement with African leaders to support development. Economic growth there is credited to 80 percent of poverty reduction. Each Sub-Saharan Africa country has its own native language; however, there are usually other secondary languages. â€Å"Lingua franca† is a language that is systematically used to communicate with those not speaking the native language. Sub-Saharan Africa is comprised of forty-eight countries with a population of more than 500 million (Gestrin xx). The population has been doubling every twenty-four years; â€Å"more than half of the population in most sub-Saharan countries is under the age of fifteen† (Gestrin 57). So, one can say that sub-Saharan Africa is very â€Å"developed† in that way. The region of Sahel stretches â€Å"from Mauritamia and Senegal in the west across Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, northern Nigeria, and Chad in the east† (Gestrin 185). Cultural differences among the Muslims and Christians cause political divisions and military conflicts. There has also been a long history of drought, famine, and depopulation. Thus, people are involved in farming and food processing to ease the situation. The same cultural differences existed in Nigeria. As a result, the country was governed as two separate ones. In 1997, Nigeria was named â€Å"the most corrupt country to do business in† since many Nigerians were known as con artists and hustlers (Gestrin 178). Ethnic turmoil in Rwanda resulted from conflicts from the Hutu and the Tutsi peoples. The Hutus were cultivators and comprised 85 percent of the population; the Tutsis were herders and were the remaining 14 percent. Both groups are Catholic, spoke the same language, and shared customs. Both the German and Belgian colonialists allowed the Tutsis to rule over the Hutus; the Hutus resented them because of their wealth (Gestrin 15). Apartheid began in 1948 in South Africa as a means of political separation. People were classified into four racial groups: black, white, coloured (mixed races), and Indian or Asian. Resistance to apartheid began in 1974 when Portugal withdrew forces from Mozambique and, Angola. Anti-apartheid movements were happening in the United States and Europe; the countries began boycotts against South Africa. An election was held on April 27, 1994. As a result, Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s president on May 10, 1994. As of January 15, 2009, there are 11 million refugees in Africa; Congo, Somalia, and Sudan are the worst cases. Many of these refugees are driven from their homes due to ethnic conflicts and civil war (2). In 2007, 75 percent of all AIDS deaths occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa. Unprotected anal sex between men is the biggest reason for the majority of AIDS cases. In addition, condom use is rare among heterosexual couples. About 90 percent of couples say that they do not use condoms. Sharing infected drug needles also spreads the disease (3). Sex work is also common. Unfortunately, â€Å"health services in many countries are swamped by the need to care for increasing numbers of infected and sick people† (Gestrin 69). Only the affluent can afford the medications. Works Cited Gestrin, Phyllis and Yale Richmond. Into Africa: Intercultural Insights. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press, Inc. , 1998. Peacekeeping: Eleven Million African Refugees (2009). Retrieved June 23, 2009 from http://www. strategypage. com. Sub-Saharan Africa: 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Retrieved June 15 2009 from http://www. inaids. org.

Cyclic Voltammetry Principle

Cyclic Voltammetry Principle Cyclic voltammetry is the most widely used technique for acquiring qualitative information about electrochemical reactions [34, 35]. The power of cyclic voltammetry results from its ability to provide considerable information on the thermodynamics and kinetics of heterogeneous electron transfer reactions [47, 48], and coupled chemical reactions [36, 37]. It also provides mathematical analysis of an electron transfer process at an electrode [41, 49, 50]. Basic Principle of Cyclic voltammetry An electron transfer process with a single step may be represented as; O + ne à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ R (2.1) where O and R are oxidized and reduced form of electoractive species respectively, which either is soluble in solution or absorbed on the electrode surface and are transported by diffusion alone. Cyclic voltammetry consists of scanning linearly the potential of a stationary working electrode (in an unstirred solution), using a triangular potential waveform. Depending on the information sought, single or multiple cycles can be used. During the potential sweep, the potentiostat measures the current resulting from the applied potential. The resulting plot of current vs. potential is termed as cyclic voltammogram. The excitation signal in cyclic voltammetry is given in Fig. 2.1a. Initially the potential of the electrode is Ei. Then the potential is swept linearly at the rate of ÃŽÂ ½ volts per second. In cyclic voltammetry reversal technique is carried out by reversing direction of scan after a certain time t =ÃŽÂ » .The potential at any time E (t) is given by E (t) = Ei ÃŽÂ ½t t E (t) = Ei 2ÃŽÂ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ » + ÃŽÂ ½t tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ » (2.2b) HereÃŽÂ ½ is scan rate in V/s. The shape of the resulting cyclic voltammogram can be qualitatively explained as follows: When potential is increased from the region where oxidized form O is stable, cathodic current starts to flow as potential approaches E0 for R/O couple until a cathodic peak is reached. After traversing the potential region in which the reduction process takes place, the direction of potential sweep is reversed. The reaction-taking place in the forward scan can be expressed as O + e- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ R During the reverse scan, R molecule (generated in the forward half cycle, and accumulated near the surface) is reoxidized back to O and anodic peak results. R à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ® O + e- In the forward scan as potential moves past Eo, the near-electrode concentration of O falls to zero, the mass transfer of O reaches a maximum rate, in unstirred solution, this rate then declines as the depletion of O further and further from electrode takes place. Before dropping again current passes through a maximum. Reversal of scan repeats the above sequence of events for the oxidation of electrochemically generated R that now predominates in near-electrode region. The continuous change in the surface concentration is coupled with an expansion of the diffusion layer thickness (as expected in the quiescent solutions). The resulting current peaks thus reflect the continuous change of the concentration gradient with time, hence, the increase to the peak current corresponds to the achievement of diffusion control, while the current drop (beyond the peak) exhibits a t-1/2 dependence (independent of the applied potential). For the above reasons, the reversal current has the same shape as the forward one. Electrochemical Cell Electrochemical cell is a sealed vessel which is designed to prevent the entry of air. It has an inlet and outlet to allow the saturation of solution with an inert gas, N2 or Ar. Removal of O2 is usually necessary to prevent currents due to the reduction of O2 interfering with response from system under study. The standard electrochemical cell consists of three electrodes immersed in an electrolyte; Working electrode (WE) Reference electrode (RE) Counter electrode (CE) Working Electrode (WE) The performance of the voltammetric procedure is strongly influenced by the working electrode material. Since the reaction of interest (reduction or oxidation) takes place on working electrode, it should provide high signal to noise characteristics, as well as a reproducible response. Thus, its selection depends primarily on two factors: the redox behaviour of the target analyte and the background current over the potential region required for the measurement. Other considerations include the potential window, electrical conductivity, surface reproducibility, mechanical properties, cost, availability and toxicity. A range of materials have found application as working electrodes for electroanalysis, the most popular are those involving mercury, carbon or noble metals (particularly platinum and gold). Reference Electrode (RE) This functional electrode has a constant potential so it can be used as reference standard against which potential of other electrode present in the cell can be measured. Commonly used reference electrodes are silver-silver chloride or the calomel electrode. Counter of Auxiliary Electrode (CE) It is also termed as auxiliary electrode and serves as source or sink for electrons so that current can be passed from external circuit through the cell. The potential at WE is monitored and controlled very precisely with respect to RE via potentiostat. This may be controlled in turn via interfacing with a computer. The desired waveform is imposed on the potential at the WE by a waveform generator. The potential drop V is usually measured by the current flowing between the WE and CE across a resistor R (from which (I=V/R), the latter connected in series with the two electrodes. The resulting I/V trace, termed as a voltammogram is then either plotted out via an XY chart recorder or, where possible, retained in a computer to allow any desired data manipulation prior to hard copy being taken. Single Electron Transfer Process Three types of single electron transfer process can be studied. Reversible process Irreversible process Quasi-reversible process Based on values of electrochemical parameters, i.e. peak potential Ep, half peak potential (Ep/2), half wave potential (E1/2), peak current (ip), anodic peak potential Epa, cathodic peak potential Epc etc, it can be ascertained whether a reaction is reversible, irreversible or quasi-reversible. Ep is the potential corresponding to peak current ip, Ep/2 is the potential corresponding to 0.5 ip, E1/2 is the potential corresponding to 0.85 ip. These  electrochemical parameters can be graphically obtained from the voltammogram as shown in the Fig. 2.2. Reversible Process The heterogeneous transfer of electron from an electrode to a reducible species and vice versa O + ne à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ R is a form of Nernstian electrode reaction with assumption that at the surface of electrode, rate of electron transfer is so rapid that a dynamic equilibrium is established and Nernstian condition holds i.e. CO(0,t) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ CR(0,t) = Exp[(nFà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢RT)(Ei-ÃŽÂ ½t-Eo)] (2.3) In equation (2.3), Co and CR are concentration of oxidized and reduced species at the surface of electrode as a function of time, Eo is the standard electrode potential, Ei is the initial potential and ÃŽÂ ½ is the scan rate in volts per second. Under these conditions, the oxidized and reduced species involved in an electrode reaction are in equilibrium at the electrode surface and such an electrode reaction is termed as a reversible reaction. Current Expression Due to difference in concentration of electroactive species at the surface of electrode and the concentration in the bulk, diffusion controlled mass transport takes place. Ficks second law can be applied to obtain time dependent concentration distribution in one dimension of expanding diffusion layer. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ci(x, t) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡t = Dià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡2Ci(x, t) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡x2 (2.4) Peak current is a characteristic quantity in reversible cyclic voltammetric process. The current expression is obtained by solving Ficks law [51]. i = nFACo*(à Ã¢â€š ¬Doa)1/2 à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡(at) (2.5) where i = current, n = number of electrons transferred, A is the area of electrode, Co* is the bulk concentration of oxidized species, Do is the diffusion coefficient, à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ (at) is the current function and a = nFÃŽÂ ½/RT At 298K, function à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡(at) and the current potential curve reaches their maximum for the reduction process at a potential which is 28.5/n mV more negative than the half wave potential i.e. at n(Ep-E1/2) = 28.50 mV, à Ã¢â€š ¬1/2à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡(at) = 0.4463 ( Table 2.1). Then the current expression for the forward potential scan becomes (2.6) where ip is the peak current or maximum current. Using T=298K, Area (A) in cm2, Diffusion coefficient (Do) in cm2/s, concentration of species O (Co*) in moles dm-3 and Scan rate (ÃŽÂ ½) in volts sec-1, equation (2.6) takes the following form, (2.7) Equation (2.7) is called Randles Sevick equation [39, 40]. Diagnostic Criteria of Reversibility Certain well-defined characteristic values can be obtained from the voltammogram, for a reversible electrochemical reaction. Relationship between peak potential (Ep) and half wave potential (E1/2) for a reversible reaction is given by, (2.8a) (2.8b) Where E1/2 is potential corresponding to i = 0.8817ip [41]. At 298 K (2.8c) From equations (2.8a) and (2.8b) one obtains, (2.9a) At 298K (2.9b) The peak voltage position does not alter as scan rate varies. In some cases, the precise determination of peak potential Ep is not easy because the observed CV peak is somewhat broader. So it is sometimes more convenient to report the potential at i = 0.5ip called half peak potential, which can be used for E1/2 determination [52]. (2.10a) At 298 K (2.10b) (2.10c) From equations (2.8a) and (2.10a) we obtain, (2.11a) At 298K (2.11b) The diagnostic criterion of single electron transfer reversible reaction is often sufficient to get qualitative as well as quantitative information about the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the system. For a reversible system, should be independent of the scan rate, however, it is found that generally increases with à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®. This is due to presence of finite solution resistance between the reference and the working electrode. Irreversible Process For a totally irreversible process, reverse reaction of the electrode process does not occur. Actually for this type of reaction the charge transfer rate constant is quite small, i.e. ksh à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ 10-5cm sec-1, hence charge transfer is extremely low and current is mainly controlled by the rate of charge transfer reaction. Nernst equation is not applicable for such type of reaction. The process can be best described by the following reaction O + ne à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ® R Delahay [51] and later on Mastuda, Ayabe [48], and Reinmuth [53] described the stationary electrode voltammetric curves of the irreversible process. Irreversibility can be diagnosed by three major criteria. A shift in peak potential occurs as the scan rate varies. Half peak width for an irreversible process is given by (2.12) Here ÃŽÂ ± is transfer coefficient and na is the number of electrons involved in rate determining step of charge transfer process. At 298K (2.13) Current expression is given as, i = nFACo*(à Ã¢â€š ¬Dob)1/2 à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡(bt) (2.14) The function à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡(bt) goes through a maximum at à Ã¢â€š ¬1/2à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡(bt) = 0.4958.(Table 2.2). Introduction of this value in equation (2.14) yields the expression (2.15) for the peak  current. A plot of ln ip vs. (Ep-Eo) for different scan rates would be a straight line with a slope proportional to -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡naF and an intercept proportional to ks,h. Quasi-reversible Process Quasi-reversible process is termed as a process which shows intermediate behaviour between reversible and irreversible processes. Both charge transfer and mass transfer control current of the reaction. For quasi-reversible process value of standard heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant, ks,h lies between 10-1 to 10-5 cm sec-1[42]. Cyclic voltammogram for quasi-reversible process is shown in Fig. 2.3. An expression relating the current to potential dependent charge transfer rate was first provided by Matsuda and Ayabe [48]. (2.17) where, ksh is the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant at standard potential Eo of redox system,is the transfer coefficient and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ = 1- à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡. In this case, the shape of the peak and the various peak parameters are functions of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ and the dimensionless parameter à ¯Ã‚ Ã…’, defined as [54] (2.18) For quasi-reversible process current value is expressed as a function of. (2.19) where is expressed as (2.20) is shown in Fig. 2.4. It is observed that when à ¯Ã‚ Ã…’ > 10, the behavior approaches that of a reversible system. It is observed that for a quasi-reversible reaction, ip is not proportional to à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®1/2. For half peak potential we have at 298K (2.21) This implies, These parameters attain limiting values characteristic of reversible or totally irreversible processes as à ¯Ã‚ Ã…’ varies. For à ¯Ã‚ Ã…’ >10, à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾(à ¯Ã‚ Ã…’,à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡) = 2.2 which gives Ep-Ep/2 = 56.5mV (value characteristic of a reversible wave). For Variation of Ά with Άº and ÃŽÂ ± is shown in Fig. 2.5. For three types of electrode processes Matsuda and Ayabe [48] suggested following zone boundaries. a) Reversible (Nernstian) ΆºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³15; ksh à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ 0.3 à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1/2cm s-1 b) Quasi-Reversible 15à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ Άº à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ 10-2 (1+ÃŽÂ ±); 0.3 à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1/2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ ksh à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ 2 10-5 à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1/2 cm s-1 c) Totally Irreversible Άº Source: Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley, New York, 1980, pp 225. Source: Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley, New York, 1980, pp 227. Multi Electron Transfer Process Multi-electron transfer process usually takes place in two separate steps. Two-steps mechanism, each step characterized by its own electrochemical parameters is called EE mechanism. Stepwise reversible EE mechanism is given by following reaction, A + n1e à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ B (E10) (2.22a) B + n2e à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ C (E20) (2.22b) where, A and B are electroactive species and n1 and n2 are the number of electrons involved in successive steps. If A and B react at sufficiently separated potentials with A more easily reducible than B, the voltammogram for overall reduction of A to C consists of two separated waves. The first wave corresponds to the reduction of A to B with n1 electrons and in this potential range the substance B diffuses into the solution. As potential is scanned towards more cathodic values, a second wave appears which is made up of two superimposed parts. The current related to substance A, which is still diffusing toward electrode increases since this species now is reduced directly to substance C by (n1+n2) electrons. In addition, substance B, which was the product of the first wave, can be reduced in this potential region and a portion of this material diffuses back towards the electrode and reacts. Each heterogeneous electron transfer step is associated with its own electrochemical parameters i.e. ks,hi and ÃŽÂ ±i, where i =1, 2 for the 1st and 2nd electron transfer respectively. Based on the value of à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Eo, we come across three different types of cases [50] as shown in the Fig. 2.6. Types of Two Electron Transfer Reactions [50] Case 1: Separate Peaks When à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Eo à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ -150mV the EE mechanism is termed as disproportionate mechanism [55]. Cyclic voltammogram consists of two typical one-electron reduction waves. The heterogeneous electron transfer reaction may simultaneously be accompanied by homogenous electron transfer reactions, which in multi-electron system leads to disproportionation. Each disproportionation reaction can be described as, 2R1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ O+ R2 (2.23) The equilibrium constant K (disproportionation constant) is given by (2.24) It can be derived from the difference between the standard potentials using (2.25) Case 2: In this case, the individual waves merge into one broad distorted wave whose peak height and shape are no longer characteristics of a reversible wave. The wave is broadened similar to an irreversible wave, but can be distinguished from the irreversible voltammogram, in that the distorted wave does not shift on the potential axis as a function of the scan rate. Case 3: = 0mV Single peak In this case, in cyclic voltammogram, only a single wave would appear with peak current intermediate between those of a single step one electron and two electron transfer reactions and Ep-Ep/2 = 21 mV. Case 4: E1o If the energy required for the first second electron transfer is less than that for the first, one wave is observed having peak height equal to 23/2 times that of a single electron transfer process. In this case, Ep E1/2 = 14.25 mV. The effective E0 for the composite two electron wave is given by [50]. Source: Polcyn, D.S.; Shain, I. J. Anal. Chem. 1966, 38, 370. Cyclic Voltammetric Methods for the Determination of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Rate Constant Cyclic voltammetry provides a systematic approach to solution of diffusion problems and determination of different kinetic parameters including ks,h. Various methods are reported in literature to determine heterogeneous rate constants. Nicholson [41, 42], Gileadi [56] and Kochi [37] developed different equations to calculate heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants. Nicholsons Method [41, 42] Nicholson derived an expression for determination of heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant ksh. This method is based on correlation between and ks,h through a dimensionless parameter by following equation, (2.26) where is scan rate. for different values of ΆEp can be obtained from the Table 2.3. Hence, if ΆEp (Epa-Epc) is determined from the voltammogram, can be known from Table 2.3. From the knowledge of, , ksh can be calculated using equation (2.27). If D o= DR then ÃŽÂ ³=1 (2.27) This method is applied for voltammograms having peak separation in the range of 57mV to 250mV, and between this range, the electrode process progresses from reversible to irreversible. With increasing scan rate, the peak separation and hence à Ã‹â€  decreases. It can be seen from the Table 2.3, that for reversible reactions i.e. for the current voltage curves and is independent of . For totally irreversible reaction i.e. for the back reaction becomes unimportant, anodic peak and is not observed. For quasi-reaction i.e. for 0. 001 Separation of cathodic and anodic peak potential as a function of the kinetic parameter à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¹ in the cyclic voltammogram at room temperature. Kochis Method Kochi and Klinger [37] formulated another correlation between the rate constant for heterogeneous electron transfer and peak separation. The expression for ksh given by Kochi was (2.28) The standard rate constant ksh can be calculated from the difference of peak potentials and the sweep rates directly. This equation applies only to sweep rates which are large enough to induce electrode irreversibility. The relation derived by Kochi is based on following expressions derived by Nicholson and Shain [41]. (2.29a) (2.29b) where ÃŽÂ ² = 1-ÃŽÂ ± , and à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is the scan rate. Equations (2.29a) and (2.29b) yield (2.30) This expression is used for the determination of the transfer coefficient. Assuming that (for reversible reaction). We have, (2.31) Gileadis Method Gileadi [56] formulated a more sophisticated method for the determination of heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant, ks,h, using the idea of critical scan rate, c. This method can be used in the case where anodic peak is not observed. When reversible heterogeneous electron transfer process is studied at increasing scan rates, peak potential values also vary and process progresses towards irreversible. If are plotted against the logarithm of scan rates, a straight line at low scan rates and ascending curve at higher scan rate is obtained. Extrapolation of both curves intersects them at a point known as toe. This toe corresponds to the logarithm of critical scan rate, c. as shown in Fig. 2.7. Hence critical scan rate can be calculated experimentally. ks,h can be calculated as, (2.32) where à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦c is the critical scan rate, ÃŽÂ ± is a dimensionless parameter, called transfer coefficient and Do is the diffusion coefficient. Coupled Chemical Reactions Although charge transfer processes are an important part of entire spectrum of chemical reactions, they seldom occur as isolated elementary steps. Electron transfer reactions coupled with new bond formation or bond breaking steps are very frequent. The occurrence of such chemical reactions, which directly affect the available surface concentration of the electroactive species, is common to redox processes of many important organic and inorganic compounds. Changes in the shape of the cyclic voltammogram resulting from the chemical competition for the electrochemical reactant  or product, can be extremely useful for elucidating the reaction pathways and for providing reliable chemical information about reactive intermediates [35]. It is convenient to classify the different possible reaction schemes in which homogeneous reactions are associated with the heterogeneous electrons transfer steps by using letters to signify the nature of the step. E represents an electron transfer at the electrode surface, and C represents a homogenous chemical reaction. While O and R indicate oxidized and reduced forms of the electroactive species, other non electroactive species which result from the coupled chemical complication are indicated by W, Y, Z, etc [57]. The order of C with respect to E then follows the chronological order in which the two events occur [58]. So according to sequence of step, the systems are classified as EC, ECE, CE etc. These reactions are further classified on basis of reversibility. For example, subclasses of EC reactions can be distinguished depending on whether the reactions are reversible (r), quasi-reversible (q), or irreversible (i), for example Er Cr, ErCi, EqCi, etc. Two Steps Coupled Chemical Reactions In two steps reactions, a variety of possibilities exist, which include chemical reactions following or preceding a reversible or an irreversible electron transfer [59, 60, 61, 62]. The chemical reactions themselves may be reversible or irreversible. a) Preceding Chemical Reactions (CE) In a preceding chemical reaction, the species O is the product resulting from a chemical reaction. Such a reaction influences the amount of O to be reduced so forward peak is perturbed. For a preceding chemical reaction, two mechanisms are possible, depending on whether the electron transfer is reversible CrEr or irreversible CrEi [58]. Reversible Electrode Process Preceded by a Reversible Chemical Reaction (CrEr Reaction) The process in which a homogeneous chemical reaction precedes a reversible electron transfer is schematized as follows: (2.33) where Y represents the non electroactive species and O and R are the electroactive congeners. Since the supply of electroactive species O results from the chemical reaction, it is important to know that how much of O is formed during the time scale of cyclic voltammogram. In this connection, it must be noted that the time scale of voltammetry is measured by the parameter a = nFà Ã¢â‚¬ ¦/RT for a reversible process and b = ÃŽÂ ±naFà Ã¢â‚¬ ¦/RT for a quasi reversible or an irreversible process It means that the time scale of cyclic voltammetry is a function of the scan rate, in the sense that higher the scan rate, the higher is the competition of the voltammetric intervention with respect to the rate of chemical complication. The limit at which the chemical complication can proceed is governed either by the equilibrium constant K or the kinetics of the homogeneous reaction (l = kf+kr). In this regard, it is convenient to distinguish three limiting cases depending on the rate of chemical complication [41]. Slow preceding chemical reaction (kf+kr When K is large (i.e. K > 20) most of O will already be present in solution, the response is apparently not disturbed by the latter, i.e. it appears as a simple reversible electron transfer. When K is small, the small electron transfer again appears as a simple reversible process except that the peak current will be smaller than is expected on the basis of quantity of Y in the solution. This results because the concentration of the electroactive species CO, being determined by the equilibrium of the preceding reaction is equal to a fraction of species Y placed in the solution. where C* = CO (x,0) +CY(x,0) Fast preceding chemical reaction (kf+kr >> nFà Ã¢â‚¬ ¦/RT) When K is large, once again the response appears as a simple reversible electron transfer, but the measured standard potential Eo/* is shifted toward more negative values compared to the standard potential Eo/ of the couple O/ R by a factor of . When K is small, because of the fast continuous maintaining of the small equilibrium amount of O, the complete depletion of O at the electrode surface will never be reached, so that the forward profile no longer maintains the peak shape form, rather assumes a sigmoidal S-shaped curve, the height of which remains constant at all scan rates. Intermediate preceding chemical reaction (kf+kr = nFà Ã¢â‚¬ ¦/RT) In this case, the kinetics can be studied using the ratio between the kinetic and the diffusive currents according to the relationship (2.34) Irreversible Electrode Process Preceded by a Reversible Chemical Reaction (CrEi Reaction) This process is schematizes as. (2.35) In this case, not only the thermodynamic K (kf / kr) and kinetic (kf + kr) parameters of preceding chemical reaction but also the kinetic parameters of the electron transfer (ÃŽÂ ±, k0) play a role. Obviously the lack of reverse peak is immediately apparent, due to the irreversibility of the charge transfer. The curves are also more drawn out because of the electron transfer coefficient, ÃŽÂ ±. Slow preceding chemical reaction (kf+kr In this case, the process appears as a simple irreversible electron transfer. The peak height of the process depends on the equilibrium constant because, as mentioned in the previous case, the concentration of the active species CO is a fraction of the amount C* put in the solution: Fast preceding chemical reaction (kf+kr >> nFà Ã¢â‚¬ ¦/RT) If instead the reaction kinetics is fast, there are two possibilities: If K is large, again the response appears as if the preceding chemical reaction would be absent. However, the peak potential is shifted towards more negative values than those that would be recorded in the absence of the chemical complication by a factor equal to . If K is small, as in the preceding case, an easily recognizable S-like curve voltammogram is obtained having a limiting current independent from the scan rate (2.36) Intermediate preceding chemical reaction (kf+kr = nFà Ã¢â‚¬ ¦/RT) Here again, the kinetics can be studied using the ratio between the kinetic and diffusive currents according to the relationship (2.37) b) Following Chemical Reactions (EC) The process in which the primary product of an electron transfer becomes involved in a chemical reaction is indicated by EC mechanism. It can be represented by O + ne à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ R R à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ Z (2.38) where O and R are the electroactive congeners and Z represents the non electroactive species. Several situations are possible depending on the extent of electrochemical reversibility of the electron transfer and on the reversibility or irreversibility of the chemical reaction following the electron transfer. As a general criterion, in cyclic voltammetry, the presence of a following reaction has little influence on the forward peak, whereas it has a considerable effect on the reverse peak. Reversible Electrode Process Followed by a Reversible Chemical Reaction (ErCr Reaction) ErCr mechanism can be written as (2.39) Once again the voltammetric response will differ to a greater or lesser extent with respect to a simple electron transfer depending on the values of either the equilibrium constant, K, or the kinetics of the chemical complication (kf+kr) [58]. Analogously to that discussed for preceding equilibrium reactions, three limiting cases can be distinguished. Slow following chemical reaction (kf+kr If the rate of chemical reaction is low, it has a little effect on the process, thus reducing it a simple reversible electron transfer. Fast following chemical reaction (kf+kr >> nFà Ã¢â‚¬ ¦/RT) If the rate of the chemical complication is high, the system will always be in equilibrium and the voltammogram will apparently look like a non complicated reversible electron transfer. However, as a consequence of the continual partial removal of the species R from the electrode surface, the reduction occurs at potential values less negative than that of a simple electron transfer by an amount of . Due to the fast kinetics of the chemical complication, the potential will remain at this value regardless of the scan rate. Intermediate following chemical reaction (kf+kr=nFà Ã¢â‚¬ ¦/RT) If the kinetics of the chemical reaction are intermediate with the scan rate the response gradually shifts from previous value for a fast chemical reaction [which was more anodic by w.r.t. to value of the couple O/R] towards the Eo/ value assuming more and more the values predicted by the relationship (2.40) In other words, the response (which for the fast kinetics is more anodic compared to E0/) due to the competitive effects of the potential scan rate moves towards more cathodic values by 30/n (mV) for every ten fold increase in the scan rate. However, it is noted that at the same time, the reversible peak tends to disappear, in that on increasing the scan rate, the species Z does not have time to restore R. This is demonstrated by the current ratio which is about one at low scan rates, but it tends to zero at high scan rates. Reversible Electrode Process Followed by an Irreversible Chemical R

Dandelion Information :: essays research papers fc

Scientific name -Kingdom-Plantea, Phylum- Tracheophyta, Class- Angiospermae, Order- Asterales, Family- Asteraceca, Genus- Taraxacum, Species- officialeDescription - The Taraxacum officiale is a perennial herb that grows from two to eighteen inches tall they are a stem less plant and all parts of the plant contain a milky juice. The leaves are an olive or a dull yellowish color, and smooth with ridged edges where it got its common name, dandelion from the French words "dent de lion" which means lions tooth. The stalks are simple smooth, brittle and hollow. The flowers are one and a half-inch wide and a golden yellow color. The flower blooms from April to August, from 6am to 8pm. They have taproots that can grow up to three feet long in soft soil. There are about 150 to 200 flowerets that are strap shaped that make up the flower.Habitat - Their habitat is in the Northern Temperate Zones located in Europe and Asia. Then the colonists from Europe brought in to America. The pla nt usually grows lawns.Life cycle - The life cycle of the dandelion is when the adult is mature enough the flowerets turn into seeds with a fluff on it. This fluff enables the seed to be picked up the wind to carry it away from the parent plant.Importance - The dandelion has many little known uses to people. Like the roots are bitter, but they can be boiled put into salads when they are young, or they can be used as potherbs. The roots can be roasted and used as a substitute for coffee. The milky juice is used in some tonics for disorders in the digestive system and the liver. The flower stalks can be yields some rubber in the form of threads.

Martin Luther Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Martin Luther and the Break With Rome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther began as a simple Augustinian Friar in the Roman Catholic Church, the reigning power of Western Europe for hundreds of years, and he soon became the leader of the most important stand against the Catholic Church. I call Luther’s actions a stand rather than a revolt because he did not willingly mean to disrespect the entire church or even start a new denomination of Christianity, he was only trying to bring truth to it. Luther published writings such as The Ninety-five Theses, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation and A Treatise on Christian Liberty, all which produced outrage in the Church for the fact that it blatantly accused the clerics, and especially the pope, of many wrong doings in their practice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luther belonged to a church in Wittenburg, Germany and here he was a scholar as well as a priest. He, like many others, came to notice the corruption in the Church. The Church had come to own a great deal of land all over Europe, collect a very considerable sum in mandatory taxes from the middle-class, and they had become very rich and very powerful. This led to an even greater hunger and they started the practice of selling indulgences, which is paying to be forgiven of one’s sins, and simony, which is paying to get into church office. These were just a few of the many un-Godly acts of the Catholic Church during the 1500’s. Luther felt that these injustuces should be brought to light and dealt with and then the Church should reform. With this idea he wrote The Ninety-five Theses, which were a series of wrongs committed by the church and the things they needed to do to change. This was originally supposed to be simply ideas put up for discussion among his peers in the Church, but very quickly this document spread like a wild fire and set the church a flame.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Ninety-five Theses included the ideas that, â€Å"The pope cannot remit any guilt...The dying are freed by death from all penalties...The pope (cannot) grant remission to souls in purgatory...† He basically concluded that the Church did not have all the powers they claimed to have. They lied and cheated for money. Of course Luther did not write this and then march into Rome with it demanding change, they were only... ...d, I find that they have done nothing of special importance.† It seems to me that at the point when Luther wrote Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, he knew that the Church was out to get him and he was, in a way, rallying for supporters. He was pointing out that the pope cannot do much harm if they come together and stand against him. But will this work? Can the Catholic Church be defeated? Martin Luther was summoned to appear before Emperor Charles of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the clergy to defend himself against the charge of heresy in Worms in 1521. Here was his moment, he knew he could not reform the Church but he could tell the truth. His truth was that he only believed God was before him and the Word of God was the only truth or law he had before him. Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church although it is very surprising to me that he was not put to death. Maybe the church knew their power was waning. Luther had succeeded in gaining an admirable following, he was victorious over the Church because he held fast to what he believed and here is where the first branch split from the tree of Christianity and the world was forever changed.

Poetry Slam Essay

On my visit to Bar13 I was instructed to watch a poetry slam. I have never experience such a vivid art of performing poetry. The only way I had experienced poetry before was by reading it from books. This has change the way I see poetry now. The poetry slam is a very competitive event in which the poets perform their work. The poets are judged by people of the audience. The host, who was pregnant, selected the judges who were instructed to give a numerical score (the score being 0 – 10). The score was based on the poets’ content and performance. I was a little hesitant when the host asked me to be a judge. Since this was the first time, I was scared that I wasn’t going to be a fair judge. The host explained to me the basic rules for the contest and how the poets are selected. The first rule one is that each poem must be the poet’s own work. The second is that each poet gets only three minutes to read or say the poem. The third is that they can’t use any musical instrument or costumes and the fourth and last one is that from the score the poets receive the high and low scores are dropped and the middle three are added together giving them a total score of 0 – 30. Before the contest started the microphone was open to other poets. In my opinion there were a couple of poets who were good. After the opening performance was done, the host presented a poet who has competed before. Her name was Gypsee. She performed for about 45 minutes, the content of her work was very good and her performance was excellent. I think she has practice a lot. I remember clearly two of her poems. One talked about crossing the Canadian bridge into the United States as an immigrant (she was born in Albania). The second one was about her childhood and soldiers with shotguns. During the slam there was different kind of poetry. It was very interesting to listen to a diverse range of work within the slam. It included love poetry, social issues, personal problems and even some were kind of comic. What I really like was the range of poets presented; they are free to do work in any style on any subject. I will recommend it to my friends and I would like to go back, it was a nice experience.